内蒙古草原家庭牧场可持续发展研究

内蒙古草原作为全球干旱、半干旱区的重要组成部分，是诸多研究关注的热点区域。家庭牧场作为内蒙古草原基本的生产和管理单元，探析其可持续发展有助于为实现区域可持续发展提供科学依据。本研究阐述了内蒙古草原家庭牧场的形成历程及定义；并分别侧重自然生态系统、社会经济系统、自然-经济-社会复合生态系统3个方面总结了其研究进展；最后分别在坚持草牧业发展理念、依托景观可持续性科学指导、加强3个界面耦合研究、扩展沙地草原、关注未来发展模式、重视技术支撑等6个方面就内蒙古草原家庭牧场进行了研究展望。希望本研究在为内蒙古草原可持续发展提供科学支撑的同时，亦能为全球干旱、半干旱草原区的可持续发展提供参考。     

图书馆数字资源的馆藏保存与服务策略思考

[目的/意义]科技文献资源保存已纳入多个国家图书馆的战略规划,中国图书馆仍缺少对数字资源本地保存及服务方法,亟待明确其中的关键问题并建立工作策略。[方法/过程]针对当前国际知识产权形势以及机构对数字资源资产管理新要求,调研国内外文献保障机构的数字资源本地保存现状,梳理图书馆数字资源实现馆藏保存与服务中的关键问题,进而提出中国图书馆数字资源本地保存及服务方式。[结果/结论]数字资源本地保存涉及到知识产权保护、图书馆服务方式、保存工作持续性等问题,有必要从数字资源馆藏体系建设的角度,确定数字资源馆藏保护、本地保存、自主可控的原则,以国家协议、电子资源采购条款约定保存权益、国际合作、数字呈缴等方法来获取数字资源馆藏内容、服务权益,通过技术架构支持数字资源的“在线、近线、离线”服务策略。     

中国三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量

为给内蒙古高原区、黄土高原区和西北荒漠绿洲区紫花苜蓿测土施肥奠定科学基础,采用零散实验数据整合法以及养分平衡-地力差减法,开展了三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究。结果表明,内蒙古高原区紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾第1~4级指标依次为≥342mg/kg、89~342mg/kg、24~89mg/kg和<24mg/kg,黄土高原区第1~6级指标依次为≥171mg/kg、96~171mg/kg、54~96mg/kg、30~54mg/kg、17~30mg/kg和<17mg/kg,西北荒漠绿洲区第1~4级指标依次为≥303mg/kg、140~303mg/kg、65~140mg/kg和<65mg/kg;当目标产量9~27t/hm²、钾肥利用率50%时,第1~6级土壤的推荐施钾量分别为0、54~162kg/hm²、108~324kg/hm²、162~486kg/hm²、216~648kg/hm²和270~810kg/hm²。     

锡林郭勒盟生态系统格局演变及驱动因素分析

在自然因素和人类活动的共同作用下，生态系统格局和质量都发生变化，而生态系统格局和质量的变化直接影响生态系统服务和人类福祉。锡林郭勒盟位于内蒙古中部地区，是京津冀地区的重要生态安全屏障，也是主要的畜产品供应地，研究锡林郭勒盟生态格局演变及驱动因素对于构建内蒙古北方生态安全屏障有重要意义。本研究利用遥感影像，通过分析2000和2015年生态系统类型和质量的变化，探讨资源开发、城市化发展、政策实施等多重因素对生态系统格局演变的作用。研究结果表明： 2000-2015年间锡林郭勒盟生态系统质量整体好转，草地生态系统质量中东部地区提高最为明显；草地、灌丛、城镇、裸地、湿地、森林、矿区面积有所增加，农田、沙地、水域面积有所减少；锡林郭勒盟生态系统格局和质量受到人为和自然因素的共同影响，其中，与降水正相关，与温度负相关。GDP与采矿用地显著正相关，退耕还草政策促使农田向草原转移。     

Soil quality assessments in integrated crop–livestock–forest systems: A review

Integrated crop–livestock–forest is a promising strategy to improve soil quality. It comprises four different integrated farming systems: crop–livestock, crop–forest, forest–livestock and crop–livestock–forest. This work systematically reviewed studies about integrated crop–livestock–forest systems and soil quality. A total of 92 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science—Clarivate Analytics platform, and the following information was analysed: publication year, institution, region of the studied site, type of integrated system, soil type, tillage system, maximum soil depth and the soil quality indicators assessed. Most studies were published in the second half of the 2010s. Brazil is a prominent focus of research about soil quality and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems, with significant contribution from its central and southern regions. The Embrapa was the main publishing institution, present in over one‐third of the studies. Crop–livestock was the most common integrated system, Ferralsols was the most common soil group, and most of the studied soils were clayey. No tillage was the main tillage system. Most studies focused on the topsoil, assessing physical and/or chemical soil quality indicators. More emphasis on biological indicators of soil quality is required, as well as assessments integrating biological, physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Future works should compare different integrated systems, including assessments deeper in the soil profile, especially in systems with the forest component, and also in sandy and silty soils. Soil quality indicators that have been rarely used should be further tested. Novel indicators should be added to better understand the promotion of soil quality by integrated crop–livestock–forest systems.     

我国内蒙古西部地区国有林场经营现状与发展问题探析

国有林场在内蒙古林业生态建设中具有骨架作用,是祖国生态安全屏障的重要组成部分与支撑点,也是贯彻落实生态文明建设,践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念不可或缺的重要实施主体。在深入了解与掌握内蒙古自治区西部地区6个市国有林场经营现状的基础上,总结归纳了内蒙古西部地区国有林场经营的特点,深入分析了内蒙古西部地区国有林场面临的问题与困境,并探讨解决这些问题的途径,为国有林场今后的发展提出了合理化建议。     

Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

农用地整理对碳储量和粮食产能的影响

农用地整理对区域生态系统的空间格局和功能产生的影响需要持续不断的予以关注和调节。该文以福建省建溪流域为例,采用碳储量多源模型和耕地生产潜力模型估算了建溪流域的碳储量和粮食产能,分析了区域尺度农用地整理对碳储量和粮食产能的影响。研究表明:与2010年相比,2016年碳存储总量降低了38.28×10~6 t,为369.29×10~6 t;整理区以1.41%的土地贡献了整个建溪流域1.70%的碳储量减少量,农用地整理对建溪流域生态系统的固碳服务有负作用;2016年建溪流域的粮食产能提高了10.83×10~4t,为124.46×10~4t;农用地整理项目区占建溪流域耕地面积的14.61%,贡献了20.87%的粮食产能提高值,有效提高了建溪流域耕地的粮食产能。农用地整理所产生的碳效应不容忽视,在农用地整理中需要注重生态措施的运用。