乡村园林景观规划设计研究——以周村生态体验园为例

乡村园林的景观规划设计,为乡村旅游业的发展注入了新的活力,是不可或缺的可持续发展产业中坚力量。设计具有独特人文气息与魅力的生态文化景观是乡村园林景观规划设计急需解决的问题。从景观规划相关理念出发,阐释了乡村园林景观的运行模式和类型,以及景观生态学等原理,提出了设计的原则和方法。以周村生态体验园的景观规划设计为实例,提出了各方详细的设计思路,得出乡村园林景观规划设计策略。乡村园林生态体验园的设计特色,决定了它与周边互相依存的生态关系。在自然环境中渗透景观设计要素,能够很好的传达当地的历史文化传统,塑造乡村旅游特色,为乡村的经济发展提供更加坚强的后盾。研究结果也可为今后乡村园林景观实际项目的可持续发展式规划和设计提供理论基础。     

农牧交错带草地景观格局特征及其影响因素分析

为研究草地景观格局,以农牧交错带的草地资源为研究对象,采用景观格局指数,从自然地理和人文社会2个方面选取影响因素,基于二元Logistic回归模型,研究内蒙古武川县哈乐镇草地斑块景观格局的空间特征及其影响因素。结果表明:哈乐镇草地景观呈现出明显的地域差异,斑块规模东南大西北小,斑块形态东南密西北稀,斑块分布东南整西北碎;自然地理和人文社会是研究区域草地景观格局特征的重要影响因素,二者共同驱动草地景观格局特征的差异性变化。其中,高程、至最近道路距离、至最近河流距离和至最近居民点距离是草地斑块规模分异的主要影响因素;高程、坡度和至最近河流距离是草地斑块形态分异的内在诱因;高程、至最近道路距离和至最近居民点距离是草地斑块分布差异的重要驱动因素。     

历史街区街道界面景观要素及保护策略研究——以青岛鱼山历史文化街区为例

指出了历史文化街区是人类文明的“活化石”,是人类历史文化遗迹和日常生活的重要空间载体。历史文化街区的街道景观是街道展示景观的主要载体,通过对街道界面景观要素的提取、归纳与总结,得出街道界面景观要素由底界面、侧界面以及顶界面三大核心要素组成,并将其应用到鱼山历史文化街区街道景观内进行了分析研究,提出了一些保护策略。旨在进一步了解历史文化街区街道界面景观要素构成,为历史文化街区景观的保护提供更加清晰的思路。     

面向老龄化社会的户外环境植物景观与健康效益评价模型建构

为了促进国内基于健康视角下户外植物景观可量化评价机制的形成与完善，归纳总结了健康景观以及普通植物景观中广泛存在的对人身心健康有促进作用的因素——植物的健康效益。从植物景观对人身心健康的影响机制手，分析户外景观环境中健康性要素构成，深入探究植物景观与老年人身心健康的作用机理，并初步构建了基于植物健康效益的适老性户外植物景观评价指标体系。     

食用菌创意景观设计

通过对食用菌创意景观设计进行研究,分析具体的设计原则和设计方法,在食用菌创意景观打造过程中融入艺术技巧和文化特色,营造独特的食用菌旅游观光资源,创造更多农业生产附加价值。     

基于GIS的太原市景观格局与可达性分析

城市公园绿地是城市绿地系统中重要的组成部分,是衡量一个城市人居环境和城市环境的重要标准.本研究以太原市中心城区(环城高速内)为研究对象,运用遥感技术以及GIS相关技术,对太原市城市公园绿地可达性及景观格局进行分析.结果表明:①太原市城市公园绿地面积偏少且各行政区之间分布不均匀,其中杏花岭区城市公园绿地面积最小仅为0.99 km~2,占研究区的2.37%;②太原市城市公园绿地可达性整体较差,仅有不到50%的城市居民能在30 min内通过步行方式到达最近公园;③太原市城市公园绿地整体分布较为均匀,破碎化程度较低,但其景观形状较为规则,不利于城市生物多样性的维护,且斑块丰富度密度较低.本研究成果可以为太原市合理优化绿地空间结构布局提供理论依据.     

Public perceptions and attitudes toward green infrastructure on buildings: The case of the metropolitan area of Athens,Greece

As the impact of green space shrinkage in urban centers becomes obvious, local and regional authorities must adopt environmental planning policies that can help create new green areas to ensure a good quality of life for citizens, along with the rehabilitation of the natural environment. One approach is the promotion of green infrastructure on buildings, including multi-dwelling apartment buildings. In order to effectively promote green infrastructure on buildings, it is essential to comprehend public attitudes toward green infrastructure, so that suitable and effective strategies can be implemented by policy makers. In this study, eight hundred respondents were asked to provide their views on green infrastructure on buildings, on construction that should take place on blocks of apartments in order to accommodate green infrastructure and on the related benefits that may arise from creating green spaces on buildings. A structured questionnaire and stratified sampling were used for the interviews, which were conducted with apartment owners in two regional units of Athens. The results showed that most citizens are willing to proceed with the installation of a green roof, trellis or vertical garden, in order to improve the aesthetics and functionality of the building they live in. Most of the respondents are not familiar with the energy savings that may occur from the installation of a green roof, vertical trellis or garden and wish for a subsidy from the state in order to implement green building solutions. To conclude, the participants in our study are not environmentally aware, since they are not interested in energy conservation but only about the aesthetics of their building; furthermore, they expect to receive financial support from the state in order to make any changes to their home.     

东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观植物多样性研究——以昌图县为例

非耕作生境是农业景观中的重要组成部分,为生物提供食物和栖息地,对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文以辽宁省昌图县为例,选取了20个非耕作生境比例为0~50%的网格(1 km?1 km)为样区,采用典型样地法对调查区域内农业景观中的林地、田间路、草地、沟渠、果园5类主要非耕作生境中的植物群落进行调查,探讨不同非耕作生境类型和比例中植物多样性及其与景观异质性之间的关系。研究结果表明,随着非耕作生境比例增加,植物物种多样性和均匀度先增加后减小,在20%~30%时达到峰值;非耕作生境比例在0~40%范围内时,植物物种丰富度同样呈现先增加后减小,且在20%~30%时达到峰值;非耕作生境比例高于40%时,植物物种丰富度再次出现峰值且高于20%~30%。随着非耕作生境比例的增加,农业景观香浓多样性、香浓均匀度指数和景观斑块形状复杂程度逐渐增加,蔓延度恰好相反。不同生境中重要值最高的均为禾本科植物,但植物种不同;优势种优势度为果园沟渠草地田间路林地。果园、草地和沟渠的物种多样性和均匀度指数显著高于林地和田间路,丰富度指数为草地林地沟渠果园田间路,且草地、果园和田间路的不同调查区域间植物群落指数存在较大的变异性。草地、果园、沟渠、田间路和林地中景观异质性与物种多样性相关性顺次降低。研究结论表明,东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观中,最适宜非耕作生境比例为20%~30%;非耕作生境中林地、沟渠对物种多样性维持、湿生植物多样性保护具有积极作用;不同生境干扰类型和方式不同,景观异质性与植物物种多样性相关性程度也不同。在今后农业景观生物多样性保护中应综合考虑非耕作生境的类型和比例,干扰的类型和方式等多种因素对生物多样性、生态服务及农业产量的影响。     

Using systematic conservation planning to establish management priorities for freshwater salmon conservation,Matanuska‐Susitna Basin,AK, USA

1. The Alaskan Matanuska‐Susitna Basin (MSB) provides habitat for all five Pacific salmon species, and their large seasonal spawning runs are important both ecologically and economically. However, the encroachment of human development through urbanization and extractive industries poses a serious risk to salmon habitat in the MSB.
2. Using systematic conservation planning techniques, different methods of incorporating anthropogenic risks were assessed to determine how to conserve salmon habitat in the area cost‐effectively.
3. The consequences of four distinct conservation scenarios were quantified: no consideration either of urbanization or extractive industries (‘Risk ignored’ scenario); accounting for the risk of urbanization, and avoiding conservation in all areas rich in fossil fuels (‘Urbanization accounted, all extraction avoided’ scenario); accounting for urbanization and oil and gas development, but avoiding conservation in coal‐rich areas (‘Urbanization accounted, coal areas avoided’ scenario); and accounting for all anthropogenic risks to habitat, and allowing conservation in oil, gas, or coal‐rich areas (‘All risks accounted’ scenario). To compare conservation success and resilience, the impacts of these risks were estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. The final cost of each solution was then divided by the number of conservation targets met to determine a return on investment.
4. Results from scenarios that avoided all extractive activities, or only coal, suggest that conservation targets cannot be met simply by avoiding areas rich in fossil fuels, and these scenarios resulted in lower returns on investment than those in which risks from extraction were incorporated into the solution.
5. By developing a method for setting priorities that are economically based, this study provides a method for local managers and conservation groups to identify conservation opportunities in MSB river basins.

     

若尔盖县景观破碎化及湿地恢复优先性

对四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州若尔盖县1980-2015年湿地景观破碎化及恢复优先性进行研究，以1980、1990、1995、2000、2005、2010和2015年7期土地利用数据为数据源，在ArcGIS与Fragstats软件的支持下，获取景观破碎化及湿地变化信息，实现对若尔盖湿地景观破碎化及湿地动态演变过程的深度分析，在此基础上构建湿地景观演变函数，揭示若尔盖湿地多年变化类型分布，并给出该区域湿地恢复的优先性。结果表明：1）研究区湿地景观破碎化主要表现为斑块平均面积和蔓延度指数的萎缩，斑块密度的上升及香农多样性指数的增大。整个研究时段内，研究区湿地斑块平均面积减少了249.77 hm²，斑块密度上升0.013 hm^-2。2）根据土地利用动态变化的空间涵义，将研究区湿地划分为稳定型、退化型、恢复型和波动型4种类型，研究发现退化型湿地的面积与稳定型湿地相比，是其75.43%，与恢复型湿地相比，是其2.27倍，若尔盖湿地退化严重，亟需进行湿地恢复。3）采用熵值法，以行政乡镇为若尔盖湿地恢复单元，得出若尔盖8个受影响的乡镇中，有2个一级恢复区、3个二级恢复区、3个三级恢复区。三级恢复区（阿西乡、嫩哇乡、达扎寺镇）应当予以优先恢复。