加压因素对杨木单板压缩率和回弹率的影响

以速生杨木的边/心材单板为研究对象,对其进行水热密实化处理,通过单因素试验方法,分别研究了加压温度和加压压力对杨木边/心材单板的压缩率、气干24和48 h的厚度回弹率的影响,初步探讨了各个因素的作用机理.研究发现:各因素水平下,杨木边/心材单板的压缩率和厚度回弹率均呈现出一定的规律性,心材单板的压缩率高于边材单板,但厚度回弹率低于边材单板,且各因素的作用机理有所差异.边/心材单板水热密实化处理的较佳条件均为:加压温度150℃,加压压力5 MPa.     

黑木相思株内木材基本材性变化与树龄关系的研究

对不同树龄和径向位置黑木相思木材的物理和主要力学性质测定研究表明:黑木相思株内边材、心材密度和主要力学性质随着树龄的增大而增大,径向和弦向的体积干缩率随着树龄的增大而减小;相同树龄黑木相思的边材密度和力学性能比心材小,干缩率比心材大.因此,在利用黑木相思时应对树龄、心边材径向位置加以特别考虑.     

Extractives relating to heartwood color changes in sugi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>) by a combination of smoke-heating and UV radiation exposure

 Sugi green logs with red or black heartwood were smoke-heated, and the changes in the color of the heartwood after ultraviolet (UV) (λ = 365 nm) radiation exposure were then observed. After UV radiation exposure, the redness and yellowness increased in both the red and black heartwoods, whereas the brightness decreased. In the black heartwood, the resulting color turned from yellowish white to reddish brown. Reddening in black heartwood after exposure to a combination of smoke heating and UV radiation is thought to be due to a decrease in brightness and an increase in both redness and yellowness. However, the degree of change in heartwood color by UV radiation exposure was not greatly affected by smoke-heating treatments of various lengths. When methanol extracts were fractionated and exposed to UV radiation, the yellowness increased in the n-hexane-soluble portion and the redness increased in the acetone-soluble fractions from the n-hexane-insoluble portion. These results suggest that the n-hexane-soluble fraction contains the substances that allow heartwood color to change to yellow after UV radiation exposure, and the acetone-soluble-fraction from the n-hexane-insoluble portion contains the substances that allow it to change to red. Received: November 14, 2001 / Accepted: June 3, 2002 Acknowledgment This research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This study was presented in part at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001 Correspondence to:N. Yoshizawa     

丰林保护区阔叶红松林红松根腐规律的研究

本文是以丰林保护区阔叶红松成过熟林木为研究对象,通过对红松株数,无腐率、心腐率、边腐率统计结果表明:心腐率随根径的增大而增加,且以林分类型为主要因子而转移,林分中红松成过熟林木无腐朽率为19.4%、心腐率为75.3%、边腐率为5.3%.     

4种耐腐性树种心材提取物抑菌作用的研究

为了探索强耐腐性树种心材提取物的抑菌活性,开发新型木材防腐剂,本研究选用甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和氯仿4种溶剂,采用浸渍法对桑、水曲柳、圆柏和华北落叶松4种树种心材进行提取,共计获得16种提取物,利用生长速率法测定其对白腐菌和褐腐菌,即彩绒革盖菌(Coriolus versicolor)和密粘褶菌(Gloeophyllum trabe-um)的抑菌活性,并研究了提取物对这2种真菌的实验室木材防腐性能,与水基防腐剂ACQ-D进行比较。结果表明:桑甲醇、桑丙酮和桑乙酸乙酯提取物对白腐菌具有较强的抑制活性,桑甲醇、桑乙酸乙酯及圆柏乙酸乙酯提取物对褐腐菌抑制活性较强,其它各提取物对2种菌的抑制率均在70%以下,抑菌活性相对较弱。其中桑乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌效果最佳,在浓度1 g/L时对2种菌的抑制率均达到了90%以上,EC50分别为0.173 g/L和0.324 g/L;浓度为8 g/L时桑乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌效果达到Ⅰ级。     

7种黄檀属植物心材挥发油的成分分析及其抗菌活性

为了研究7种黄檀属（Dalbergia L.）植物心材的挥发性成分及其抗菌活性,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取黄檀属植物心材的挥发性成分,气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对其化学成分进行分析;采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定挥发性成分的抗菌活性。结果表明,两粤黄檀检出9种成分,占总含量的98.93%;斜叶黄檀检出6种成分,占总含量的91.80%;交趾黄檀检出13种成分,占总含量的86.23%;海南黄檀检出9种成分,占总含量的94.86%;降香黄檀检出8种成分,占总含量的97.38%;东京黄檀检出8种成分,占总含量的97.72%;白沙黄檀检出23种成分,占总含量的79.45%。两粤黄檀和斜叶黄檀相对百分含量最大的成分为榄香素,分别为83.38%和73.03%;交趾黄檀中相对百分含量最大的成分为美迪紫檀素,为27.72%;海南黄檀中相对百分含量最大的成分为亚油酸,为42.80%;降香黄檀和东京黄檀中相对百分含量最大的成分为(7R,10S)-2,6,10-三甲基-7,10-环氧-2,11-十二碳-6-醇及其同分异构体,二者之和分别为60.37%和53.23%;白沙黄檀中已鉴定出且相对百分含量较大的成分为榄香素,为7.81%。黄檀属植物心材挥发性成分主要有苯丙素类、倍半萜类、黄酮类、脂肪酸类和甾体等,黄檀属植物心材的挥发性成分均对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,部分挥发油对不同的农业病原菌具有一定的抑制作用。本研究为黄檀属植物的资源保护和开发利用提供了科学依据。     

土壤含水量对降香黄檀树干呼吸速率、生长和氮含量的影响

【目的】为降香黄檀Dalbergia odorifera心材形成的后续研究提供基础数据。【方法】人工设置4个土壤含水量梯度,即重度干旱(HD)、轻度干旱(LD)、旱季灌溉(DI)和对照(CK),研究土壤含水量对树体水势(Ψ_(pd))、树干呼吸速率(R_s)、树木生长和边材氮含量及其旱季变化特征的影响。【结果】土壤含水量和枝条水势旱季表现为下降趋势,各处理从11月底开始表现出显著差异。各处理的树干呼吸速率与树干温度(θ)均具有良好的指数函数关系,决定系数(R~2)均在0.65以上,各处理的温度敏感系数(Q10)为DICKLDHD。树干温度和树干呼吸速率均呈现旱季下降趋势,且在1月份达到最低。各处理的树干温度只在气温较低的冬季表现差异显著,树干呼吸速率总体表现为DI增加树干呼吸速率,而干旱(HD和LD)降低树干呼吸速率。树干生长量在12月中旬之前基本保持不变,12月下半月开始显著下降,DI和CK显著高于HD和LD处理。12月之前,边材氮含量保持不变,12月开始降低,且各处理只在冬季表现出显著差异。树干呼吸速率解释了56%的树干生长量,边材氮含量解释树干呼吸速率68%的旱季变化。枝条水势解释了49%树干呼吸速率、48%树干生长量和63%边材氮含量的旱季变化。【结论】土壤含水量很可能通过改变树体组织含水量(水势),进而使得树干呼吸速率、树干生长和边材氮含量相互影响。旱季灌溉增强树干呼吸速率,干旱降低树干呼吸速率,而树干温度和边材氮含量只在冬季受土壤含水量影响。树干呼吸速率可能也会对树木心材形成有一定指示作用。     

海南尖峰岭大果紫檀心材比例及精油成分组成

大果紫檀最早于20世纪60年代引种至我国,是南方地区近年来推广种植的重要珍贵用材树种之一,其心材在医药、家具制作等行业具有重要应用,目前生长良好,然而心材形成方面的信息则鲜见报道。本文采用标准木的调查方法,分析了海南尖峰岭47年生大果紫檀心材形成情况、心材比例、心材精油含量及成分组成。研究结果表明,所有标准木均已自然形成了心材,30 cm高度处心材比例范围为58.77%~69.14%,精油含量范围为1.51%~1.85%;从心材精油中共分离出42种成分,鉴定30种。醇类是心材精油成分中含量最高的类别,约占总含量的92.78%,其次是烷烃类,约占总含量的0.70%。心材精油中含量最高的成分是β-桉叶醇,其相对含量为55.68%,其次是α-桉叶醇,相对含量为11.14%,再次是金合欢醇和反式橙花叔醇,相应的相对含量依次为9.64%和7.46%。大果紫檀能在我国自然形成心材,并且心材精油含有多种珍贵药用成分,该研究结果为大果紫檀心材资源的综合利用提供了科学依据。     

山槐心材提取物中有效抗菌成份的研究

以生物毒性试验为依据，对山槐心材中的有效抗菌成份进行了提取，分离及结构鉴定，初步证明了山槐的天然耐腐性主要来自于麦地卡品，反一金合欢醇等物质。     

Variation in sapwood thickness of Picea abies in Estonia depending on the tree age

Variation of sapwood thickness in terms of a linear measurement and a growth ring count with reference to the age was studied in dominant and suppressed Norway spruce trees. In the trees of both dominance classes the sapwood thickness increased in absolute terms, while its relative portion decreased with the age of the trees growing. Great differences were found in sapwood thickness between dominant and suppressed trees in linear measurements but not in the number of sapwood rings or the rate of the heartwood formation. The number of sapwood growth rings reached 40 in old trees. The index of vigour differed considerably in dominant and suppressed trees.