天然植物生长调节剂芸苔素的生物活性及应用浅析

天然芸苔素属于甾体类植物内源生物活性物质,其骨架为甾醇,其中芸苔素内酯生物活性最强,被称为第六类植物激素,是高效、广谱、无毒的植物生长调节剂(PGR)。为更好地将芸苔素推广应用于农业生产,本文概括了芸苔素内酯的生物活性及在粮食、果蔬等作物上的应用。探讨了芸苔素内酯在提高种子活力,促进作物生长,大幅度促进产量提升以及品质改善,提升作物抗逆性,缓解农药对作物影响的研究概况及取得的进展,指出了芸苔素内酯的应用是作物增产增收的关键途径,同时,能够减少化肥、农药的施用量,减少作物种植成本与减轻环境污染,将带来显著的经济效益。     

基于铁邮协同的鲜果电商物流的研究

根据水果的特点和社会消费需求的趋势，总结鲜果电商物流存在的问题，探讨铁邮协同的鲜果电商物流优势，分析其中转耗时及投送区域，并明确该模式的运行主体及分工、运作关键环节、成本控制与收益分配，以此为铁邮协同开展鲜果电商物流提供参考。     

“门当户对”的婚姻更幸福吗——以夫妻双方个人特征差距为视角

夫妻双方的年龄、受教育程度、收入以及户籍方面的差异会影响婚后的主观幸福感。夫妻双方的年龄差距越大，生活幸福感越弱，且这种影响更多地存在于男性和农业户籍人口中；夫妻双方的受教育程度差距虽然有利于女性主观幸福感的提升，却会恶化男性的主观幸福感；夫妻双方的收入差距越大，生活幸福感越强，且对于女性和农业户籍人口而言，收入差距对生活幸福感的影响更为显著；与夫妻双方都是农业户籍相比，夫妻双方都是非农业户籍的幸福感更强。夫妻双方的个人特征差异对婚后主观幸福感的影响存在性别与户籍差异。     

西藏天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策对农牧民家庭收入的影响

西藏高寒草地生态保护不仅关系当地人民生活水平的提升,而且关乎我国东部地区的生态和经济安全,是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一。为遏止高寒草地退化,恢复已退化草地的生态功能,保护未退化高寒草地资源,在2011年国家启动天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策(以下简称"草奖"政策)。2014年我们深入西藏3类地区(纯牧区、半农半牧区、纯农区)的农、牧家庭进行问卷调查,从家庭牧业生产、家庭收入与构成及农牧户间收入差距3方面剖析了政策实施3年(2011-2013年)的社会经济影响。研究发现,1)草原生态保护补助奖励机制的政策福利存在地域间的不均衡性,纯牧区家庭享有更多经济福利;2)"草奖"政策改变了牧区家庭的收入结构,转移性收入超过家庭经营性收入,成为牧民家庭的重要收入来源;3)"草奖"政策有利于缩小牧区和农区贫富差距,但对于半农半牧区效果不明显。因此,政策措施需要进行适时适度地调整,从补偿标准、方式、力度等方面进行优化,体现高寒草地生态功能的地域性差异,使其符合各地域农牧家庭的实际生产,促使西藏高原草地畜牧业的可持续发展。     

长江经济带国家级自然保护区内社区居民现状与发展对策

中国自然保护区多处于地理位置偏僻的贫困落后地区，且在有关法律条文规定下，居民对保护区内资源利用受限，特别是核心区和缓冲区中众多的社区居民给自然保护区管理带来压力，自然保护区保护与社区经济发展之间的矛盾日益凸显。文中通过对重点区域长江经济带国家级自然保护区内居民现状进行调查和分析，探讨不同类型自然保护区内社区居民人口密度、经济水平和自然资源依赖程度的差异，并针对自然保护区内社区发展存在的主要问题包括人口众多、经济水平受限等，提出降低保护区内人口密度、多形式提高居民收入、发展生态旅游和加强可持续经营管理等建议。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

考虑农户收入差异的农田水利设施供给效果的综合评价

为探讨农户收入差异视角下农田水利设施供给效果及其影响因素,该文从主、客观两个维度构建农田水利设施供给效果评价指标,探索农户收入差异及其他因素影响农田水利设施供给效果的效应。采用因子分析法对农田水利设施的供给水平相关指标进行量化分析,计算得到所调查180个村庄的农田水利设施供给水平的综合得分;使用Min-max标准化处理法对农田水利设施供给水平及农户满意度进行标准化处理,使其取值均在0~1范围内,然后取两者的平均值来表征农田水利设施的供给效果;进而选用分层线性模型探析农户收入差异等因素对农田水利设施供给效果的影响。结果表明,调查地区的农田水利设施供给水平偏低,农户对农田水利设施的满意度尚未达到理性预期;农田水利设施供给效果的差异有48.8%是由村庄农田水利设施供给的差异导致的;用不同指标所衡量的农户收入差异与农田水利设施供给效果的关系是一致的。该研究可为促进农田水利设施供给效果改善提供意见参考。     

Impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions: Evidence from low-income regions in China

This study examines the impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions, using survey data collected from low-income regions in China. Given farmers decide themselves whether to cultivate cash crops, an endogenous treatment regression model that accounts for potential selection bias issue is used to analyze the data. The empirical results show that cash crop cultivation exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on household income, but it does not affect household migration decisions significantly. The disaggregated analyses reveal that cash crop cultivation significantly increases farm income but decreases off-farm income.     

智慧农业背景下大数据与农民增收之间的关系

自信息化时代以来，大数据时代是继物联网、云计算的又一次技术变革，这次变革加速了传统农业向数字农业、信息农业的转变。智慧农业的发展，创造了多维的与农业有关的数据。阐述了在农产品种植前的规划、种植时的管理和收获之后的营销，在已有的数据中挖掘可用的信息，农民可以准确掌握市场供需情况，合理安排种植，做到精准农业，帮助农民提升收入。     

泰州市稻田综合种养产业发展分析及建议

系统阐述了泰州市稻田综合种养产业的发展现状,包括分布区域、经营主体、种养模式等,统计了不同种养模式的应用面积、产量及收益,对稻田综合种养及常规稻麦种植两种模式下的经济效益进行了对比。结果表明,稻田综合种养模式能显著提高土地利用率,促进当地农业增效和农民增收。通过对稻田综合种养模式推广应用过程中的比较优势以及存在问题进行系统分析,提出了针对性的解决措施和建议。