一种改进的CRLP最大许用操作压力设计方法

与传统管线钢管相比,复合材料增强管线钢管(CompositeReinforcedLinePipe,CRLP)具有承压能力高和质量轻等优势,但对其压力设计的研究尚不充分。CSAZ662-2015《油气管道系统》和GB/T35185—2017《石油天然气工业用复合材料增强管线钢管》中最大许用操作压力的设计思路不同,且设计结果差别较大。针对此问题,基于组合薄壁圆筒模型对承压CRLP进行分析,对最大许用操作压力下材料的名义许用应力和真实许用应力进行了区分,进而导出真实许用应力的显式表达形式,并以此作为设计安全裕度的评价指标。分析表明:现有规范和标准中的设计公式均无法保证管线钢和复合材料的真实许用应力为常量,对应两种设计方法,各组分材料的真实许用应力均随CRLP规格差异而发生变化,并且随着试压/预应力处理的历程而改变。基于上述分析和CRLP极限状态下的承载特征,提出一种改进的压力设计方法。新方法优先保证复合材料的真实许用应力为常量,并可由设计系数直接确定;在最大许用操作压力的计算中,考虑了加载历程的影响,物理意义明确。算例表明,其设计安全裕度较现有方法更为合理,对于CRLP压力设计的改进有参考价值。     

农田边界植物多样性与生态服务功能研究进展

农业集约化和城市化导致农业景观重要生境发生巨大变化,农田野生动植物数量下降。农田边界作为农业景观中重要的组成部分,其丰富的物种组成,不仅具有重要的生态功能,也具有重要的景观价值。本研究对农业生态系统农田边界植物多样性进行阐述,论述了影响农田边界植物多样性的影响因素和生态服务功能。综述研究显示,农田边界具有类型多样性、物种多样性、植物功能类型多样性及时空结构多样性特征;其影响因素主要包括农田边界结构、农田边界管理、周边土地利用影响以及景观结构特征的影响4个方面;农田边界生态功能包括生产、环境保护、野生动植物保护和景观美学功能等;最后总结了不同类型农田边界生态植被营建模式与优化途径,对中国农田边界植被管护提出了一些建议。     

中国对“一带一路”沿线国家农产品出口增长二元边际及其影响因素分析

为研究中国农产品在"一带一路"沿线国家出口增长特征,探究贸易成本对农产品出口增长二元边际的影响,本研究以"一带一路"沿线64个国家为样本,选取1997—2016年中国对"一带一路"沿线64个国家农产品HS-6位编码数据,运用H-K测度方法和核密度估计的估计方法进行研究,探索中国对"一带一路"沿线64个国家农产品出口增长的源泉,进一步深入分析各项贸易成本对于农产品出口增长二元边际的作用。结果表明,中国对"一带一路"沿线国家农产品出口增长扩展边际和集约边际波动较大,扩展边际对农产品出口增长起主要推动作用;经济规模、地理面积、人口密度对农产品出口增长扩展边际和出口增长集约边际均有显著正影响;关税水平、贸易距离、各国进口所需文件数、贸易国建立仓库所需时间、汇率成本和外部冲击对农产品出口增长扩展边际具有显著负影响,关税水平、各国进口所需文件数、贸易国建立仓库所需时间、汇率成本和外部冲击对农产品出口增长集约边际具有显著负影响。     

Public perceptions of ecosystem services and preferences for design scenarios of the flooded bank along the Three Gorges Reservoir: Implications for sustainable management of novel ecosystems

The newly formed extensive flooded land associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir hold great potentials to provide ecosystem services (ESs) for surrounding cities and communities. Conflicting values and conventional management strategies may complicate and inhibit broad-scale decision-making for this novel ecosystem. Public attitudes are a crucial influence in the way this process plays out. This study was conducted to assess how the reservoir bank is perceived by the general public of Chongqing Municipality in terms of importance of riparian ESs, and preference for corresponding landscape design styles through photo-questionnaire interviewing. Although Chongqing citizens know little of the “ecosystem services” concept, they do recognise riparian environmental and ecological benefits especially the bank protection and pollution interception functions, while benefits of habitats for wildlife and flood attenuation were of less concern. Recreational values were least appreciated, which is inconsistent with other studies. This may be attributed to a wider, intensive environmental education in various social media in today’s China. But publicity has been dominated by toxic air, water and soil pollution control rather than the benefits of nature conservation and personal contact with nature. In line with recognition of ESs, there is quite strong preference for the forested design scenario and particularly vegetation components across the socio-demographic spectrum. Overall, socio-demographic variables have very low explanatory power for the perceptual responses. Our study also revealed misunderstandings around riparian functions and a gap between public expectations and special abiotic and biotic prerequisites in restoring novel ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this research to urban novel ecosystems in general, and implications for raising public awareness, engaging appropriate public values in sustainable design and management of such ecosystems.     

基于修正双作物系数模型估算温室黄瓜不同季节腾发量

为估算温室黄瓜植株蒸腾与土面蒸发,该研究基于FAO-56推荐的双作物系数模型,应用温室内实测微气象、叶面积指数(LAI)及土壤水分数据,对模型中基础作物系数(Kcb)和土面蒸发系数(Ke)进行修正,并基于修正后FAO-56Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型,确定温室参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0),进而估算温室黄瓜蒸发蒸腾量(ETc)和植株蒸腾(Tr)。基于Venlo型温室内黄瓜不同种植季节(春夏季和秋冬季)Lysimeter和茎流计观测的黄瓜ETc和Tr,对修正后的双作物系数模型预测结果进行验证。结果表明,应用修正后的双作物系数模型估算的温室黄瓜ETc和Tr与实测值具有较好地一致性,春夏季温室黄瓜全生育期ETc估算值与实测值的日均值分别为3.05和2.94 mm/d,秋冬季分别为2.53和2.76 mm/d。修正后的双作物系数模型估算春夏季温室黄瓜日ETc的决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和模型效率系数(Ens)分别为0.95、0.41 mm/d和0.93;估算秋冬季ETc的误差计算结果依次为0.91(R2)、0.48 mm/d(RMSE)和0.90(Ens)。修正后的双作物系数模型估算春夏季日平均Tr与实测值分别为2.37和2.19mm/d,秋冬季分别为1.43和1.34 mm/d。研究结果还显示,不同种植季节温室黄瓜全生育期日平均Tr占ETc的比例分别为64.62%(春夏季)和68.59%(秋冬季)。该研究成果不仅为制定准确的温室黄瓜灌溉制度提供了理论依据,而且对实现温室环境智能化控制及减少温室内无效的土面蒸发具有重要意义。     

The household economics of rubber intercropping during the immature period in Northeast Thailand

In order to alleviate poverty in Northeast Thailand, the Thai government has promoted rubber farming, which has expanded at the expense of annual crops. Because of a long immature period, planting rubber represents a loss of income for poor farmers in the very first years. This paper analyzed how rubber intercropping during the immature period helps farmers to compensate for this loss of income. Economic performances of the most widespread rubber farming systems were analyzed using information collected from a questionnaire addressed to 35 farmers in Buriram province. A sub-sample of 22 farmers was further interviewed to estimate the contribution of rubber intercropping in the formation of the total annual income during the immature period. The results showed that interest in rubber intercropping has grown, with cassava and rice as the main associated crops. With additional costs of about 14,169 ?/ha/year over monospecific rubber plantations, rubber-cassava intercropping systems generated a gross margin estimated at 11,340 ?/ha/year for a 3-year period. Compared to a monospecific rubber plantation, rubber-cassava intercropping systems reduced management costs by 59% over the 6-year period of rubber immaturity. The cash-income drawn from intercropping ranged from 0 to 26.8% of the household’s total annual income, which can be of considerable importance for low-income farmers.     

双体多向型激振装置参数研究

为提高果树振动采摘响应均匀性,同时提高果实采收效率、降低能耗、减少果树与果实的损伤,设计一种双体多向型激振装置,主要由偏心块、传动齿轮、传动轴、箱体等组成。建立振动装置–果树振动系统,并分析6种不同的偏心块转速比与偏心矩比组合产生的非圆周载荷效果。首先,采用多视角三维重建技术获取果树三维模型;然后,运用ANSYS进行果树谐响应分析得到激振装置的最佳工作频率;最后,运用ADAMS建立果树动力学仿真模型,比较非圆周载荷、直线载荷、圆周载荷下的果树加速度响应。仿真结果表明：当两偏心块转速比为3∶1、偏心矩比为1∶1时,果树在非圆周载荷下的加速度响应均值为194.35 m/s2,高于直线载荷下的(186.28 m/s2),略低于圆周载荷下的(204.41 m/s2);非圆周载荷的加速度响应变异系数为0.575,低于直线载荷的(0.625)和圆周载荷的(0.622),说明非圆周载荷有更均匀的加速度响应。田间试验表明,该装置的采摘率为92.2%,果实损伤率为4.6%,优于单偏心激振装置。     

X波段双偏振多普勒雷达降水观测

以X波段双偏振雷达的多种参数为依据，综合使用雷达及相关雨量站的降水观测资料，从基本组成及雷达工作方式2 个方面简述了X波段双偏振多普勒雷达，并针对2014 年8 月9 日内蒙古地区的一次对流性降水天气过程，着重分析X波段双偏振多普勒雷达降水观测。结果表明：（1）在流性雷暴云降水过程中，大部分冰晶类将会在6~8 km融化为小雨滴，或以冻滴的形式存在；（2）强雷暴云天气发生时，在强雷暴云中上层的存在大部分的小粒子，并无大量的水成物粒子存在。该研究不仅能够探索雷达对降水进行定量估测的能力，还能够通过提升X波段双偏振雷达降水观测的适用性，以期为今后X波段双偏振多普勒雷达在降水观测中的应用提出一定的参考依据。     

对辊挤压式对虾去头装置试验研究

针对人工去虾头工作效率低、劳动强度大、虾仁易受细菌污染和机械一刀切式对虾去头方法对虾肉浪费严重等问题,设计了一种对辊挤压式对虾去头装置。该装置根据对虾的生物特性和体型特征,利用对辊之间的间隙和对辊表面上沿圆周方向设置的凸棱对虾头进行挤压使得对虾在头胸部与虾体连接处被挤断,从而实现对虾的头尾分离工作,并进行了原理分析。针对按对虾厚度分级后体厚为13~16mm的新鲜南美白对虾进行了试验研究,结果表明利用对辊挤虾头式去虾头的方法去头效果良好,去头装置原理合理,为今后对虾去头装置的研制提供了新的思路和依据。