望远摄影测树仪设计与试验

以摄影测量学原理、图像处理技术原理、测树学原理为理论基础,设计望远摄影测树仪,该仪器由PDA模块、远程EDM模块、长焦CCD镜头模块和云台组成,测量时获取倾角、方位角、远程距离及图像信息等参数,通过在Android Studio 2.1开发环境下集成并利用Java语言进行汇编实现树高测量、胸径测量、微样地林分测量等功能。通过试验验证,树高测量精度达93.32%,胸径测量精度达96.49%,林分平均高度测量精度达94.47%,林分平均胸径测量精度达91.68%,林分密度测量精度达86.04%,林分蓄积量测量精度达82.64%,解决了不可到达点观测难度高、看得见测不到等问题。     

六盘山南侧华山松树干直径生长及其对气象因子的响应

2010年5—10月份,在宁夏六盘山南侧的香水河小流域,应用带状树木径向变化记录仪研究了华山松(Pinus armandii)树干的直径生长变化及其对气象因子的响应。结果表明:①华山松树干直径呈现出由收缩期、膨胀恢复期和生长期组成的日周期性变化,其最大值出现在6:00—9:00,最小值则在16:00左右。②华山松各样木树干直径日生长量的季节变化趋势一致,即:5-6月份为匀速生长期,其日均生长量在17.65～98.11μm之间;7-8月份为快速生长期,其日均生长量在27.15～112.33μm之间;8月底—10月份为缓慢生长期,其日均生长量在10μm以下。然而,华山松树干在匀速生长期、快速生长期内的直径日生长量幅度存在明显的个体差异,其中优势木的生长速度明显大于亚优势木和中等木。整个观测期内,华山松树干直径的累积生长过程符合幂函数曲线(R2=0.75～0.93,P<0.01)。③主成分分析和偏相关分析表明,日最低温、日降水量、日平均辐射是影响树干直径生长的主要气象因子,而日平均温度、日最高温、日平均饱和水汽压差等对树干径向生长的影响作用则表现出较大的变异性。     

Allometric equations for estimating the aboveground volume of five common urban street tree species in Daegu,Korea

Quantifying urban tree biomass and carbon (C) storage by using allometric equations is required for various studies such as assessing the inventory, modelling, and measuring ecosystem services of urban trees. However, the lack of urban-specific allometric equations leads to uncertainty when estimating urban tree biomass and C storage. Therefore, we followed a nondestructive approach and developed allometric equations specifically for Acer buergerianum Miq., Ginkgo biloba L., Platanus orientalis L., Prunus yedoensis Matsum., and Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino in Daegu, Korea. Diameter at breast height (DBH)-based and DBH-and-height-based allometric equations were highly accurate at estimating the aboveground volume (R² > 0.92), while the allometric equations for P. orientalis and Z. serrata developed for traditional forests overestimated volume by 68% and 427%, respectively. The addition of a height variable into the DBH-based allometric equations did not increase the reliability of the allometric equations at a local level. The mean aboveground C storage of urban street trees was 24.9 Mg C/ha except for P. orientalis with a mean of 69.7 Mg C/ha, and the total aboveground C storage of urban street trees in Daegu was 10.6 Gg C. Alternatively, a generalized allometric equation which compiled species-specific equations can be applied for large-scale estimation. The generalized equations developed in this study and those found in the literature may suggest a constant value (～2.3–2.4) for the scaling exponent in the generalized equations. Allometric equations developed from natural or artificial stands may overestimate the volume of urban street trees; therefore, estimating urban tree biomass and C storage requires urban-specific allometric equations.     

Daily stem water deficit of Norway spruce and European beech in intra- and interspecific neighborhood under heavy drought

High-resolution measurements of stem radius variations provide information about the tree water status with changing climate conditions by swelling and shrinking due to the reduction of xylem water potential and to the exceedance of leaf transpiration over root water uptake. The aim of this study was to analyze daily stem radius variations of Norway spruce and European beech in intra- and interspecific neighborhood. The experimental plots are part of a rainfall exclusion experiment. These variations are species-specific, i.e. spruces have a higher phloem thickness and higher amplitudes during a day than beeches. The amplitudes were significantly higher at the rainfall exclusion plots, but the amplitudes of spruces decreased above 27°C with increasing drought due to reduced transpiration rates and exhausted soil water reserves. The shrinking amplitude was observed for spruces in intraspecific neighborhood from a soil volumetric water content of 0.21?m³?m^?3. In interspecific neighborhood, a shrinking amplitude for spruces could not be observed and revealed a lesser tree water deficit than in intraspecific neighborhood. Beeches showed minor differences with a higher tree water deficit in interspecific neighborhood. Consequently, stem radius variations give insights into a tree's water supply, which could help to understand changes in tree growth.     

大青山米老排树干径向生长变化及其对环境因子的响应

【目的】研究南亚热带大青山林区乡土珍贵树种米老排径向生长日变化特征及对环境因子的响应,为理解米老排生长-气候响应的生理机制、森林培育和保护等提供基础数据。【方法】利用点状树木径向生长变化记录仪对米老排径向生长变化进行连续观测,采用气象站同步测量辐射总量、土壤含水量、相对空气湿度、空气温度等环境因子数据。通过径向生长与环境因子的相关分析,研究米老排生长季第一个高峰期(5月)的不同分化等级径向生长日变化规律、不同天气条件下生长变化及径向生长-环境因子相互关系。【结果】1)不同分化等级米老排5月份的径向生长日变化量优势木(17.08μm)>平均木(13.94μm)>被压木(-1.81μm),差异极显著(P<0.01),且不同阶段的起始时间、阶段时长、变化量也有所不同。2)不同天气条件下,三种分化等级米老排径向日净生长量和日变化幅度均表现为雨天>晴天>阴天,受雨水影响,雨天条件下径向变化量远超其自身生长量;同种天气条件下,径向日净生长量优势木最大,日变化幅度则表现为平均木最大。3)不同分化等级米老排径向生长与相对空气湿度、降雨量呈极显著正相关关系,与气温、总辐射呈极显著负相关关系,而20 cm土壤含水率无显著性相关,且各影响因子均存在不同时间滞后效应。【结论】不同分化等级米老排由于林木生长状况的差异,导致其受到环境因子影响程度的不同,进而使得其径向生长变化量产生差异。     

手杖式测树仪研制与试验

为了在森林资源调查中能够便捷、快速、精准、高效地获取立木胸径和树高,设计研发了一种手杖式测树仪,其以固定长度手杖为主体,搭载智能手机和测树软件。该设备在传统林业调查装备理论的基础上利用了测树学、摄影测量学、机械加工学、机器视觉、影像处理等技术,通过智能手机影像处理软件实现了胸径的自动识别、测量、记录,并通过手动截取完整立木与所得胸径值演算树高等功能,可以统一编辑、存储、导出最终所得胸径树高。分析结果表明,该手杖式测树仪所得胸径和树高的编差Bias分别为0.29、0.48 cm,相对误差Bias%为1.5%、4.2%,RMSE均为0.70 cm,相对RMSE%为3.6%、6.1%,基本满足二类调查A类精度要求,具有一定的应用价值和推广潜力。     

Development of Digital Multi-function Dendrometer

The development of high-resolution remote sensing imaging technology provides a new way to the large-scale estimation of forest canopy density. The traditional inversion methods for canopy density only use spectral or topographical features of remote sensing images.However,due to the existence of the different thing with same spectrum and the same thing with different spectrum phenomena,it is difficult to improve the estimation accuracy of canopy density.Based on spectrum and other traditional features,this paper combines texture features of remote sensing images to estimate canopy density.Firstly,the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture features are computed using objectbased method.Then,the principal component analysis (PCA) method is applied in correlation analysis and dimension reduction of texture features.Finally, spectrum and topographical features together with texture features are introduced into stepwise regression model to estimate canopy density.The experimental results showed that compared with the traditional method only based on spectrum or topographical features,the method combined with texture features greatly improved the estimation accuracy.The coefficient of determination(adjusted R~2 ) increased from 0.737 to 0.805.The estimation accuracy increased from 81.03%to 84.32%.     

天然阔叶林建群树种若干测树因子相关关系的探讨

依据福建省天然阔叶林主要分布区的林分标准地资料，对天然阔叶林建群树种的树高与胸径、枝下高与胸径、冠幅与胸径、树高与枝下高、冠幅与树高间的内在关系进行探讨，结果表明，其存在显著的相关关系，揭示了天然阔叶林建群树种几个测树因子的生长规律，为天然阔叶林经营、林地生产力评价、森林收获预估等提供依据。     

基于树木径向生长仪监测高寒地区树木生长和水分利用的研究进展

文中综述了树木径向生长仪监测数据的处理和分析方法,重点对基于树木径向生长仪监测高寒森林生态系统树木生长和水分利用的研究进行了总结归纳,指出目前在探索高纬度北方森林树轮宽度对夏季温度敏感性下降原因的过程中仍缺乏普遍的机制解释,而这一普遍机制可能与高寒地区树轮形成的年内季节动态特征有关。另外,尽管树木径向生长仪能够反映高寒地区的树木水分利用状况,但高寒地区树木水分利用对气候变化的响应仍不清楚。基于目前的研究现状,建议未来加强几个方面的研究,即考虑高寒地区树木径向生长的季节动态特征对树木生长与环境因子关系的潜在影响,加强与其他监测手段的比较研究,开展与生态系统水平观测指标的关联分析。