山东发现草地贪夜蛾为害马铃薯

重大迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)侵入我国后,截至2019年9月17日,已经在全国25个省份查见。2019年9月,山东省滕州市姜屯镇秋马铃薯地块发现疑似该虫为害,经鉴定,确认为草地贪夜蛾,对被害地块情况、马铃薯被害状、被害率进行了调查及描述,为该虫在马铃薯上的防治提供参考。     

Salvianolate attenuates oxidative stress injury of human endothelial EA.hy926 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide

AIM: To investigate the effect of salvianolate on oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human endothelial EA.hy926 cells.METHODS: EA.hy926 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into the following groups:control group, damage group, and anti-damage groups (salvianolate+damage groups). The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The migration ability of the EA.hy926 cells was detected by Transwell assay. The content of nitric oxide (NO) in the culture supernatant of the EA.hy926 cells was examined. The levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected by ELISA. The apoptosis,mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular superoxide anion content of the EA.hy926 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein levels of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, NF-κB and p53 were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with damage group, the viability of EA.hy926 cells pretreated with salvianolate at different concentrations was significantly increased (P<0.05). The apoptotic rate was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Savianolate enhanced the migration ability of the cells. The levels of VEGF, NO and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were increased (P<0.05), and the intracellular ROS level was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The protein levels of NF-κB, p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were significantly decreased, and the protein level of Bcl-2 was markedly increased(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Savianolate reduces the damage of EA.hy926 cells by hydrogen peroxide exposure, and its mechanism may be related to the blocking of NF-κB signaling pathway.     

番茄匍柄霉叶斑病拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

应用平板对峙法从连作多年的番茄根际土样中筛选得到对番茄匍柄霉叶斑病具有较强拮抗活性的细菌菌株ZF161，该菌株对番茄匍柄霉的平板抑制率达到70.51%。离体叶片试验显示，菌株ZF161对番茄匍柄霉叶斑病防治效果达到69.83%。通过菌落形态观察、生理生化特性、Biolog测定和多基因系统发育树综合分析，鉴定菌株ZF161为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。番茄盆栽试验结果表明，菌株ZF161对番茄匍柄霉叶斑病的防治效果达到63.27%。进一步平板对峙抑菌谱试验结果显示，菌株ZF161对其他7种病原真菌也具有较好的抑制效果。上述结果说明，菌株ZF161对番茄匍柄霉叶斑病具有良好的防治效果，且对多种病原真菌也具有抑制作用，具有开发应用的潜力。     

土壤生态环境损害鉴定评估中基线确定方法讨论

随着近年来我国经济的高速发展,各地生态环境污染和破坏形势日益严重,特别是涉及土壤环境的污染和破坏事件日益增加,需要对发生土壤污染的场地进行损害鉴定评估工作。根据生态环境部《生态环境损害鉴定评估技术指南总纲和关键环节第1部分:总纲》(GB/T39791.1-2020)等技术规范,规定了4种基线确定方法:即历史数据法、对照数据法、标准基准和专项研究等方法。通过相关案例,主要分析了土壤生态环境损害鉴定评估工作中对照数据法中基线值确定方法,为后续开展相关土壤环境损害鉴定评估工作提供一定的参考。     

近10年油菜主要病虫害发生危害情况的统计和分析

2007-2016年,我国油菜种植面积逐年增加,尤其近三年均超过753万hm2,种植制度调整、观赏型油菜与高产型油菜间隔种植、病虫害抗药性增强以及气候异常等因素导致我国油菜病虫害总体处于重发状态,防控压力大。近10年油菜各类病虫害年发生面积在721.18万~881.74万hm2次,防治面积在686.18万~982.28万hm2次,通过防治年均挽回油菜损失98.34万t,占全国油菜总产的7.25%;年均实际损失28.09万t,占全国油菜总产的2.07%。影响全国油菜生产的最为重要的10种病虫害依次为油菜菌核病、油菜蚜虫、油菜霜霉病、小菜蛾、油菜甲虫(叶甲科和露尾甲科甲虫,下同)、油菜茎象甲、油菜病毒病、地下害虫、菜粉蝶和油菜白锈病,以总损失计,比例分别为55.60%、23.44%、9.51%、2.87%、2.43%、1.69%、1.58%、1.53%、0.86%和0.50%。对油菜生产威胁最大的病虫害是油菜菌核病和油菜蚜虫。本文用大量翔实的历史数据统计分析了近10年来油菜主要病虫害造成的危害损失和暴发危害情况,为油菜病虫害的监测预警及防治工作提供参考。     

几种保水剂对玉米幼苗伤害的细胞显微特征比较及其机理研究

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) as soil moisture conditioners have been increasingly used in agriculture,but conflicting results were reported regarding the effects of SAPs on crop growth.In this study,both laboratory cultivation and analysis were conducted to investigate the effects of different SAPs on the growth and physiology of crops under water-saving agricultural practices.Maize (Zea mays L.)seedlings were cultivated using distilled water or three different SAP hydrogels,sodium polyacrylate (SP),potassium polyacrylate (PP),and sodium polyacrylate embedded with phosphate rock powder (SPP),as growth media.Growth characteristics of the model plant and damage were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The results showed that both the SP and PP treatments had pronounced negative effect on the hydrogels of growth of maize seedlings.The SPP treatment appeared to facilitate the stem-leaf growth and had no obvious adverse effect on root growth.All the three hydrogel treatments caused varying degrees of damage to the organizational structure and cellular morphology of the roots,with the SP and PP treatments causing the most severe damage;the membrane system of root cells was damaged by both SP and PP treatments.An excessive accumulation of sodium and reduction of calcium occurred in the roots may be responsible for the observed damage to the cell membrane system,which,in turn,may have promoted the wilting of the cells.     

茶园杂草危害的防控现状及治理策略的探讨

从茶园杂草组成、物种类型、生活型组成等方面分析国内外茶园杂草构成特点;同时,从茶园生长状况、地形地貌、季节气候等方面归纳了茶园杂草发生特点。从农艺控草、化学除草、生态养草、生物防草等方面回顾和总结了当前茶园杂草治理的经验措施。以构建茶园和谐生态系统为目标,基于国际"杂草的综合管理"制定的茶园杂草控制策略,创新性地提出以"生态养草"为主体和"农艺控草"为常规的茶园杂草控制技术体系,以减少杂草发生及危害,保障茶叶品质和生态环境安全。     

稻麦化学农药减量控害技术集成与示范

采用试验示范,通过农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、科学用药等多种途径控制稻、麦病虫害,集成稻、麦化学农药减量控害技术,实现病虫综合治理、保护生态环境。     

弓形钳叶甲为害棉花和向日葵调查初报

2018年5月在新疆阜康发现弓形钳叶甲 Labidostomis arcuata Pic成虫高密度发生, 严重为害棉花、向日葵幼苗。本文介绍了此次弓形钳叶甲的发生为害情况, 并分析了其可能成因。这是该虫在我国为害农作物的首次报道。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的农作物灾损评估研究

【目的】2016年湖北省部分地区遭受洪涝灾害,导致该省农作物产量下降。利用遥感手段进行灾损评估研究可快速、准确获取灾后农作物的受灾程度与减产量,给农民提供实时、准确的参考数据,以减少农民的经济损失。【方法】基于2015年7月与2016年7月的灾前灾后Landsat-8影像,利用面向对象分类方法和分层抽样方法对湖北省荆州市与荆门市部分地区的农作物进行受灾面积提取,统计农作物受灾面积总量;对灾前灾后农作物的NDVI值进行对比,根据灾前灾后的NDVI差值进行受灾等级划分,以此得到农作物的受灾等级。【结果】(1)由连续暴雨引起的洪涝灾害导致研究区农作物都有不同程度的受损,采用了面向对象分类方法精度指标的Kappa系数为0.849 5,以此分类统计出的受灾农作物总面积为635.838 km~2;(2)受灾严重的区域主要是依傍河岸和地势低洼处。荆州市的弥市镇虎渡河附近的农作物受灾等级最高,受灾最为严重,几乎完全被洪水淹没;而荆州市马良镇的杨家湾因为地势低以及对农作物的灾害预防措施做得不够,也造成大量的农作物被淹没,甚至出现了绝收现象。【结论】对于农作物灾后监测,有关部门要借助遥感手段及时向农民提供数据支持,将农民的经济损失降到最低,最大程度地保障农民的生活。