蛋白质磷酸化在油菜素内酯信号通路中的作用

油菜素内酯是植物体内一类重要的类固醇激素,参与调控植物生长发育过程。对拟南芥的大量研究基本阐明了BR信号转导网络中的主要通路。在BR信号转导过程中,蛋白质可逆磷酸化参与了多个重要环节的调控。该文综述了植物体内BR信号转导过程中蛋白质磷酸化的作用。     

Physiological mechanism underlying spikelet degeneration in rice

The phenomenon of degenerated spikelets is very common in cereals, and considered as a serious physiological defect and a main constraint to grain production. Understanding the physiological mechanism in which spikelet degeneration occurs would have great significance in enhancing yield potential in grain crops. Taking rice as an example, the paper reviewed the physiological mechanism underlying spikelet degeneration, with focus on the roles of phytohormones in regulating the process. There are several hypotheses for the spikelet degeneration, such as resource limitation, self-organization, and primigenic dominance. However, convincing evidences are not enough to support the assumptions. Phytohormones including auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene are involved in regulating spikelet degeneration in cereals. The new phytohormones of brassinosteroids and polyamines have been observed to suppress spikelet degeneration in rice. The interactions among or between plant hormones may play a more important role in regulating spikelet degeneration. However, the information on such interactions is very limited. Some agronomic practices, especially proper water and nitrogen management, could reduce spikelet degeneration but the mechanism underlying remains unclear. Further research is needed to understand the cross-talk among/between phytohormones on spikelet degeneration, to reveal the physiological and molecular mechanism in which phytohormones and their interactions regulate the degeneration of spikelets, to exploit approaches to decrease spikelet degeneration and to elucidate their mechanism.     

喷施拉肖皂苷C提高黄瓜幼苗对抗干旱胁迫的生理效应

【目的】拉肖皂苷C(LG-C)与茶甾酮类油菜素甾醇化合物结构相似,都含有3-糖苷基-6-酮等活性官能团,表现出一定的油菜甾醇类植物激素的活性,且LG-C具有含量丰富、 制备简单及成本低的优点。但是LG-C对于植物抗旱生理效应的研究迄今未见报道,因此本试验研究了LG-C对干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的生理效应,以期为LG-C后续的研究奠定基础。【方法】以黄瓜幼苗为试材,进行了喷施拉肖皂苷C(LG-C)的盆栽试验。设置了基质含水量分别为田间持水量的80%(对照)、 60%(轻度胁迫)和50%(重度胁迫)3个水分处理。以水为对照,在黄瓜三叶一心期,叶面喷施LG-C(0.05 mg/L),每株喷施20 mL,连续喷施7天。然后立即取样分析植株的理化性质。【结果】与对照相比,轻度干旱胁迫下,喷施LG-C能够使黄瓜幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白、 游离脯氨酸、 可溶性糖含量分别显著提高21.06%、 41.75%、 29.65%; 叶片中叶绿素a、 叶绿素b、 类胡萝卜素含量分别显著提高26.83%、 13.33%、 23.21%; 叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、 过氧化物酶、 过氧化氢酶活性分别显著提高10.06%、 19.34%、 33.08%; 叶片中电解质渗透率、 丙二醛含量、 自动氧化速率和组织失水率分别显著降低10.16%、 30.68%、 22.48%、 9.69%。重度干旱胁迫下,喷施LG-C能够使黄瓜幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白、 游离脯氨酸、 可溶性糖含量分别显著提高19.35%、 37.05%、 25.23%; 叶绿素a、 叶绿素b、 类胡萝卜素含量分别显著提高28.17%、 20.00%、 28.42%; 超氧化物歧化酶、 过氧化物酶、 过氧化氢酶活性分别显著提高6.03%、 37.10%、 30.72%; 电解质渗透率、 丙二醛含量、 自动氧化速率和组织失水率分别显著降低10.15%、 47.10%、 16.97%、 8.85%。【结论】喷施LG-C可通过提高抗氧化酶活性、 渗透调节物质含量、 叶绿素含量和保水能力来增强黄瓜幼苗的抗旱能力。     

油菜素内酯对干旱胁迫下羊草渗透调节及抗氧化酶的影响研究

受全球气候变化影响,我国牧区干旱现象日益严重,极大限制了草原生产力的提高。本文采用盆栽人工控水的方法,研究不同浓度油菜素内酯(BR)处理对羊草生长和抗旱特性的影响。结果表明干旱显著抑制植株的生长,而BR能有效减缓干旱胁迫对羊草造成的伤害。经过不同浓度的BR处理后,与干旱胁迫相比,株高、叶面积、干重、含水量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、根系活力、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和5种抗氧化酶活性均随浓度增加而升高,但高浓度下又有降低的趋势,而丙二醛(MDA)和叶片电导率则相反,其中以BR浓度为0.1 mg/L时的抗旱效果最好。研究发现适当浓度的BR提高羊草株高、叶面积和光合色素含量,促进干物质积累和根系活力,与其降低膜脂过氧化产物MDA与质膜透性,提高脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质含量,增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性密切相关。     

Over-expression of GhDWF4 gene improved tomato fruit quality and accelerated fruit ripening

Brassinosteroids(BRs), a class of steroidal phytohormones are essential for many biological processes in plant. However, little is known about their roles in fruit development. Tomato is a highly valuable vegetable and has been adopted as the model species for studying fruit growth, development, and ripening. To understand the role of endogenous BRs in the development of tomato fruit, the expression patterns of three homologues of DWF4 gene were investigated and the transgenic tomato plants were generated in which the Gh DWF4 gene from upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) was ectopically expressed. The contents of main quality components were analyzed in fruits of transgenic tomato line and non-transgenic line(control plant, CP) when the fruit was mature. Sl CYP90B3 that possesses high homology with Gh DWF4 preferentially expressed in mature fruit. Significantly higher contents of soluble sugar, soluble proteins, and vitamin C were obtained in fruit of transgenic tomato lines compared with those in the CP. Furthermore, overexpressing Gh DWF4 promoted fruit growth and ripening. The weight per fruit was increased by about 23% in transgenic lines. In addition, overexpressing Gh DWF4 promoted the germination of transgenic tomato seeds and hypocotyl elongation of seedlings. These results indicated that overexpressing Gh DWF4 gene in tomato could increase the contents of many nutrients in fruit and accelerate fruit ripening. It is suggested that increased endogenous BRs in fruit affect the growth and development of tomato fruit and therefore improved the nutrient quality of tomato.     

植物矮化相关基因的研究进展

在许多植物上,矮化是一个优良的农艺性状遥近年来,各种矮化相关基因被鉴定和克隆,其中大部分是植物激素（如赤霉素、生长素、油菜素类固醇类等）合成、信号转导的相关基因,其功能缺失或过量表达会造成植株矮化的表型;此外一些多胺类合成基因、细胞壁相关基因、同源异型盒基因、转录因子类基因以及其他一些生长发育的重要基因也被发现其功能的缺失会造成植株矮化。就近年来发现的与植物矮化性状相关的基因进行总结,为进一步利用这些基因进行农艺性状改造及矮化机理研究提供参考。     

amiRNA技术沉默C-3氧化酶编码基因StCPD对马铃薯抗旱性的影响

CPD (constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarf)基因编码C-3氧化酶, 为油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid, BR)生物合成途径中的限速酶, 在植物响应逆境胁迫过程中具重要调控作用。本研究利用人工microRNA (artificial microRNA, amiRNA)技术, 构建马铃薯CPD基因(StCPD)的干扰表达载体pCPB121-amiRcpd, 通过根癌农杆菌介导法将其转入马铃薯栽培品种“紫花白”, 获得转基因植株(Ci1~Ci5), 其中Ci1和Ci3的StCPD基因干扰程度分别为78%和90%。基因组织表达特异性分析表明, StCPD在马铃薯试管苗叶片中表达量最高, 是茎和根中表达量的3.05倍和1.65倍。转基因植株株高、茎粗、根长、鲜重及薯的大小和鲜重等指标均较非转基因(NT)植株显著下降, 表明StCPD基因干扰表达后, 植株的长势明显受到抑制。模拟干旱胁迫处理下, 转基因植株叶片中丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量显著高于NT植株, 而脯氨酸含量显著低于NT植株。转基因和NT马铃薯中, StCPD基因的表达量、MDA和脯氨酸含量均显著高于对照; 且随着胁迫处理时间延长, 基因表达量呈持续增强趋势, MDA和脯氨酸含量随之增加。结果表明, StCPD基因干扰表达能明显降低马铃薯对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力, 为进一步研究BR对马铃薯生长发育和对干旱胁迫的响应奠定了基础。     

A critical analysis of phosphatidic acid mediated resistance response in Sinapis alba against Alternaria brassicicola

The enhanced expression of PLD genes and the quantitative increase in the level of phosphatidic acid (PA) in resistant Sinapis alba compared to the downregulated or unchanged expression of the PLD genes and decreased PA level in susceptible Brassica juncea when challenged with Alternaria brassicicola, indicated a positive relationship between PA-mediated signalling and resistance against this necrotrophic pathogen. Furthermore, spraying PA onto the susceptible species B. juncea increased resistance and enhanced expression of ABA-responsive genes, which was comparable to the expression of these genes in S. alba when challenged with A. brassicicola.

• •The enhanced expression of several PLD genes in resistant S. alba was observed compared to B. juncea upon challenge with A. brassicicola.
• •An increase in the PA level in S. alba compared to B. juncea following interaction with the pathogen.
• •Leaves of B. juncea incubated on PA-soaked filter paper did not show resistance.
• •Spraying B. juncea leaves with PA led to resistance as well as to the enhanced expression of ABA-responsive genes.
• •A temporal increase in the PA level is associated with increased resistance against A. brassicicola.

     

两个水稻D2基因等位突变体的表型分析及分子鉴定

通过EMS诱变粳稻品种日本晴,筛选到2个矮秆突变体s1-46和s1-96。突变体主要表现为株高降低,分别为野生型的44.7%和55.9%,且叶片直立,穗粒数减少,籽粒变短。暗处理时,野生型的中胚轴伸长,但突变体的不伸长,说明突变性状与油菜素内酯(BR)相关。外源活性BR处理后,突变体与野生型的叶夹角均变大,根长均变短,表明突变基因与BR的生物合成相关。遗传分析表明,该突变性状由1对隐性基因控制。通过与籼稻品种Dular杂交构建F₂群体,将该基因定位在第1染色体40.9 kb范围内。测序表明,该基因与参与BR生物合成的D2基因等位,其中s1-46第305位的氨基酸由脯氨酸突变成亮氨酸,而s1-96第370位的甘氨酸突变成谷氨酸。