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1.
为揭示绿肥对咖啡园杂草多样性及功能群的影响,调查了云南省保山市常规种植咖啡园(CK)、种植绿肥田菁咖啡园(SC)、种植绿肥硬皮豆咖啡园(MU)的杂草群落,探讨种植绿肥对咖啡园杂草群落的生态位、多样性、群落结构相似性及功能群的影响。结果表明:CK有杂草12科21种,SC有杂草10科16种,MU有杂草7科10种。3种类型咖啡园杂草生态位宽度大于0.600的杂草有10种,其中,CK有6种,SC有2种,MU有3种。种植绿肥的咖啡园杂草的物种丰富度、个体数、ACE估计值、Fisher α指数、Shannon-Wiene指数及生物量均低于常规种植咖啡园(CK),其中,杂草物种丰富度、ACE估计值和鲜重具有显著性差异。常规种植咖啡园与种植绿肥咖啡园杂草群落结构不相似。3种类型咖啡园杂草单子叶一年生或越年生植物功能群占据最大优势,但种植绿肥咖啡园的占比更高。种植绿肥改变了咖啡园杂草群落的生态位、群落结构及功能群,降低了咖啡园杂草群落多样性,对咖啡园杂草群落产生了影响。  相似文献   
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  1. Global environmental change is threatening freshwater biodiversity with ecological impacts predicted to be particularly severe in high-altitude regions. Despite this, an ecological understanding of high-altitude pond networks remains patchy, with only limited knowledge of the environmental and spatial predictors of taxonomic and functional diversity. Moreover, previous studies of pond ecosystems have focused primarily on taxonomic richness and largely overlooked functional diversity.
  2. This study examined the influence of local environmental and spatial factors on taxonomic and functional α and β diversity (including the turnover and nestedness-resultant components) of 17 high-altitude (~2,500 m above sea level) pond macroinvertebrate communities, in the Macun Cirque, Switzerland.
  3. Spatial processes (pond connectivity) were important drivers for taxonomic α diversity, while local environmental variables (pond permanence and surface area) were important determinants of functional α diversity. Species turnover was the most important component of β diversity for taxonomic composition, and functional composition demonstrated a nested spatial pattern.
  4. Variation in taxonomic and functional composition (and the turnover and nestedness components of β diversity) were determined by local environmental variables despite the limited environmental gradients within the pond network. No significant effects of spatial variables on community composition were recorded for either facet of diversity, indicating that compositional variation was determined at a local scale. Water temperature, depth and pond permanence were consistently the most important measured drivers of diversity.
  5. Given the importance of both spatial and environmental variables in structuring taxonomic and functional diversity, landscape-scale conservation and management activities that aim to improve or protect high-altitude freshwater biodiversity should focus on maintaining connectivity among ponds and environmental heterogeneity, particularly pond surface area, water depth, and hydroperiod. Understanding the mechanisms driving taxonomic and functional diversity will be critically important for the management and conservation of macroinvertebrate communities in high-altitude pond networks in the face of climatic warming.
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4.
基于GIS空间分析技术,分析了大理市森林资源结构及其保护现状。结果表明,大理市林地面积占国土面积的56.70%,主要由有林地和灌木林地组成,占林地面积的94.79%;森林主要由乔木林组成,占比达93.60%;林地资源分布均匀,整体上分布于洱海四周山区,龄组结构合理;林地资源保护强度较高。  相似文献   
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  1. The expansion and intensification of marine uses have severe cumulative impacts on marine ecosystems and human well-being, unless they are properly managed with an ecosystem-based management approach.
  2. A systematic conservation planning approach, using marxan with zones , was applied to generate alternative marine spatial plans for the Aegean Sea. Relevant human uses were included and their cumulative impact on a wide set of key biodiversity features was considered in the analysis. Different cost scenarios were developed to gain insight on the effects of the approaches used to assess socio-economic factors, and their potential impact on spatial plans.
  3. The spatial plans generated differed greatly depending on the method used to estimate opportunity costs and evaluate human activities in monetary terms.
  4. The vulnerability weights (the relative vulnerability of ecological features to specific human activities and their impacts) that were estimated based on a cumulative impact assessment, allowed the assessment of each zone in contributing to the achievement of conservation targets, through a transparent planning approach.
  5. Results indicate that special care should be given to how socio-economic activities, their impact on the ecosystems, and related costs are incorporated into planning.
  6. The proposed approach demonstrates how EU member states may effectively comply with the new Biodiversity Strategy 2030 targets, while planning for the sustainable use of their marine resources.
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6.
  1. Humanity is facing a biodiversity crisis, with freshwater-associated biodiversity in a particularly dire state. Novel ecosystems created through human use of mineral resources, such as gravel pit lakes, can provide substitute habitats for the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity. Many of these artificial ecosystems are subject to a high intensity of recreational use, however, which may limit their biodiversity potential.
  2. The species richness of several taxa (plants, amphibians, dragonflies, damselflies, waterfowl, and songbirds) was assessed and a range of taxonomic biodiversity metrics were compared between gravel pit lakes managed for recreational fisheries (n = 16) and unmanaged reference lakes (n = 10), controlling for non-fishing-related environmental variation.
  3. The average species richness of all the taxa examined was similar among lakes in both lake types and no substantial differences in species composition were found when examining the pooled species inventory. Similarly, there were no differences between lake types in the presence of rare species and in the Simpson diversity index across all of the taxa assessed.
  4. Variation in species richness among lakes was correlated with woody habitat, lake morphology (surface area and steepness), and land use, but was not correlated with the presence of recreational fisheries. Thus, non-fishing-related environmental variables had stronger effects on local species presence than recreational fisheries management or the presence of recreational anglers.
  5. Collectively, no evidence was found that anglers and recreational fisheries management constrain the development of aquatic and riparian biodiversity in gravel pit lakes in the study region; however, the conservation of species diversity in gravel pit lakes could benefit from an increasing reliance on habitat enhancement activities.
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7.
农田边界植物多样性与生态服务功能研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
农业集约化和城市化导致农业景观重要生境发生巨大变化,农田野生动植物数量下降。农田边界作为农业景观中重要的组成部分,其丰富的物种组成,不仅具有重要的生态功能,也具有重要的景观价值。本研究对农业生态系统农田边界植物多样性进行阐述,论述了影响农田边界植物多样性的影响因素和生态服务功能。综述研究显示,农田边界具有类型多样性、物种多样性、植物功能类型多样性及时空结构多样性特征;其影响因素主要包括农田边界结构、农田边界管理、周边土地利用影响以及景观结构特征的影响4个方面;农田边界生态功能包括生产、环境保护、野生动植物保护和景观美学功能等;最后总结了不同类型农田边界生态植被营建模式与优化途径,对中国农田边界植被管护提出了一些建议。  相似文献   
8.
Despite being considered beneficial by providing a clean and renewable source of energy, the construction of hydroelectric dams has extremely negative implications for Amazonian fisheries. This study investigated the impacts of the Santo Antônio and Jirau hydroelectric dams on the fishery stocks of the Madeira River. This investigation was based on fish catch data from the Z‐31 fishing colony, located in the municipality of Humaitá, in Amazonas State, Northern Brazil. Data were collected daily and provided information on the date of return from each trip, the fish species targeted, and the total catch (kg) between January 2002 and September 2017. The results indicated reductions of 39% in the mean annual catch and 34% in the mean monthly catches. These results highlight the high price paid by local fish communities for the development of hydroelectric power in the Amazon basin.  相似文献   
9.
为探究"玉米田养鹅"对农田生态系统杂草多样性、土壤理化性质及玉米生长状况的影响,以林芝市八一镇章麦村试验田为研究对象,运用对比方法,研究玉米田养鹅(Raising geese in cornfield,RGC)和对照(Control,CK)土壤理化性质、杂草多样性及玉米生长的异同,旨在通过田间状态的描述和中间状态的研究,为以后优化玉米田调控措施提供依据。结果表明:1)RGC处理有19种杂草,其中以菊科植物最多,对照组仅有9种。不同功能群杂草密度相差很大,双子叶一年生或越年生被子植物功能群杂草密度远远高于其他5种功能群;RGC处理提高了杂草群落Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数,但降低了Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef物种丰富度指数;2)RGC处理土壤含水率较对照高1.27%,与对照相比差异不显著(P0.05);3)随着土层加深,RGC和对照土壤紧实度均呈逐渐增加趋势,且RGC对紧实度影响显著;4)对照土壤碱解氮含量为86.48mg/kg,略高于RGC处理2.67mg/kg(P0.05),速效钾含量为161.07mg/kg,略高于RGC处理28.66mg/kg(P0.05),而RGC的土壤中速效磷含量为120.98mg/kg,是对照(106.25mg/kg)的1.14倍(P0.05)。结论:RGC处理增加了农田系统杂草数量、种类和生物量,提高了生物多样性,使土壤紧实度明显减小、土壤含水率增加及土壤养分含量出现差异,且玉米各项农艺性状低于对照。  相似文献   
10.
基于公海换水的压载水微生物多样性分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用高通量测序技术分析了三艘公海交换压载水、一艘近岸交换压载水的远洋船舶微生物的群落组成,共检测出27门、61纲、138目、249科、481属、836种;黄海远岸的压载水样检测到的细菌种类最多,达到564种;东海远岸的压载水样细菌种类最少,只有406种。主要优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占主导地位。假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)为γ-变形菌纲中绝对优势属,分布于各海域压载水样中,同温度和营养盐有一定的正相关性,同盐度、p H有较强的负相关性;蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)是南海远岸交换的压载水样中检测出的优势门类,远高于其它海域压载水样,其所对应的原绿球藻属和浮霉状菌属同环境因子溶解氧(DO)有显著的正相关性,与温度、营养盐呈负相关性;Salinimicrobium是黄海远岸压载水样品独有优势属,与p H和溶解氧呈正相关性,与营养盐呈负相关性;不同海域海洋微生物及其海洋环境对压载水微生物的多样性起决定作用,压载舱独特的环境对压载水微生物有一定的选择作用。依据IMO准则结合本文研究,在公海交换压载水对压载水微生物群落组成结构有很大的影响,且对海洋环境的保护,防止生物入侵和致病菌传播具有重要的作用。  相似文献   
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