长期施用猪粪和化肥对稻田土壤Cu、Zn和Cd含量及有效性的影响

为研究有机肥与化肥处理下稻田土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量之间的差异,并探明关键影响因子,本研究利用持续了35 a的长期定位试验,分析了土壤重金属全量及有效态、土壤理化性质和水稻产量,并利用多种统计分析方法研究了猪粪组和化肥组土壤Cu、Zn和Cd与土壤理化指标之间的关系。结果表明：与对照（不施肥）相比,长期施用猪粪使土壤Cu、Zn、Cd全量和有效态含量分别提高了134%~239%、57%~124%、58%~171%和191%~380%、285%~811%、61%~184%,并显著提升了土壤有机质（SOM）、阳离子交换量（CEC）及氮磷养分含量;而化肥处理对土壤重金属全量及有效态含量无显著影响,对土壤理化指标的提升相对较小。冗余分析（RDA）发现,猪粪组土壤全氮（TN）、CEC和速效磷（AP）分别解释了重金属方差变异的89.1%、6.4%和2.0%,化肥组土壤pH和全磷（TP）分别解释了方差变异的45.0%和22.2%,达到显著水平。进一步通过偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）分析发现,猪粪对重金属有效态的贡献远大于化肥,主要通过影响土壤重金属全量和CEC从而影响重金属有效性,其路径系数分别为0.621 7和0.295 3,均达到显著水平。猪粪组土壤重金属与理化指标之间由于“同源”关系呈显著正相关,而化肥组两者的关系受水稻生长活动等因素影响较大。研究表明,长期施肥可以通过调控土壤理化指标等影响重金属有效性,施用猪粪进行稻田土壤培肥的同时,需要注意土壤重金属的累积风险。     

新银合欢林土壤理化性质—微生物量耦合协调关系研究

新银合欢因具有抗旱、速生等特点和良好的水土保持功能，在工程扰动区生态修复中被广泛采用。研究新银合欢林土壤理化性质与微生物量的耦合协调关系，可为现有新银合欢林植被恢复效果的可持续性调控提供科学参考。研究采用空间代替时间序列的方法，通过方差分析、相关性分析和偏最小二乘路径模型探究向家坝工程扰动区6种不同龄级新银合欢林土壤理化性质与微生物量的耦合协调关系。结果表明：①原生草地群落A1土壤含水量、养分水平和微生物量均最高，新银合欢入侵后在草灌阶段土壤含水量、养分水平和微生物量显著下降。新银合欢成为灌丛时A3群落土壤含水率、有机碳、全氮、全磷、微生物碳、氮含量分别下降为A1群落的51.2%、33.9%、31.6%、27.1%、72.8%和61.5%，pH值上升至8.16使得土壤更为碱化。②土壤微生物碳氮含量与土壤含水率的相关性达显著或极显著水平（P<0.05或P<0.01），土壤微生物碳熵也与土壤全氮等含量呈显著相关；土壤含水率、养分水平和微生物量三者之间相互影响且作用显著，高土壤含水率有利于土壤养分与微生物量的存在和转化。③原生样地结构稳定，协调度D较高（0.7162）；新银合欢入侵后，协调度随着新银合欢林龄增大呈现波动下降，至A4群落时协调度降至最小值（0.5012）；在乔木阶段土壤养分与微生物量缓慢增加且趋于稳定，协调度缓慢上升，最终在新银合欢纯林时稳定趋于勉强协调发展类型。因此，针对不同龄级新银合欢林，要根据不同恢复阶段的土壤生境条件采取不同调控措施，在植被恢复的物种搭配选择上应注重草灌结合，促进土壤以及整个生态系统的健康发展。     

Effects of a decade of organic fertilizer substitution on vegetable yield and soil phosphorus pools,phosphatase activities,and the microbial community in a greenhouse vegetable production system

Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic amendments is adopted widely for promoting the availability of soil phosphorus (P) in agricultural production.  However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the effects of long-term organic substitution on soil P availability and microbial activity in greenhouse vegetable fields.  A 10-year (2009–2019) field experiment was carried out to investigate the impacts of organic fertilizer substitution on soil P pools, phosphatase activities and the microbial community, and identify factors that regulate these soil P transformation characteristics.  Four treatments included 100% chemical N fertilizer (4CN), 50% substitution of chemical N by manure (2CN+2MN), straw (2CN+2SN), and combined manure with straw (2CN+1MN+1SN).  Compared with the 4CN treatment, organic substitution treatments increased celery and tomato yields by 6.9−13.8% and 8.6−18.1%, respectively, with the highest yields being in the 2CN+1MN+1SN treatment.  After 10 years of fertilization, organic substitution treatments reduced total P and inorganic P accumulation, increased the concentrations of available P, organic P, and microbial biomass P, and promoted phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, and phytase) and microbial growth in comparison with the 4CN treatment.  Further, organic substitution treatments significantly increased soil C/P, and the partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) revealed that the soil C/P ratio directly and significantly affected phosphatase activities and the microbial biomass and positively influenced soil P pools and vegetable yield.  Partial least squares (PLS) regression demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi positively affected phosphatase activities.  Our results suggest that organic fertilizer substitution can promote soil P transformation and availability.  Combining manure with straw was more effective than applying these materials separately for developing sustainable P management practices.