经济林良种推广现状及政策建议

经济林良种是经济林产业的“芯片”,是经济林生产优质、高产、高效的物质基础。完善经济林良种推广政策,是实现经济林产业高质量发展的根本保障。通过数据收集和整理,系统梳理全国经济林良种推广现状,指出经济林良种推广中还存在着良种使用率不高,经济林低产低效;部分经济林良种存在超范围推广;良种审定过多,结构性过剩和种植品种过多,对接生产加工不畅等突出问题。进而提出从以种植为目标的良种推广转变为以生产加工等市场需求为导向的良种推广思路。从优化良种供给、加强良种推广的宏观指导、强化科技支撑和宣传培训、实施经济林提质增效工程和充分发挥产业协会、创新联盟的作用等方面给出优化经济林良种推广的政策建议。     

正交设计优化青蒿SRAP-PCR反应体系及引物筛选

为了建立青蒿的SRAP最佳扩增体系,并筛选出SRAP多态性引物,本研究以青蒿叶片DNA为模板,采用正交试验设计,以Mg^2+、dNTP Mix、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物和DNA模板5种因素5个水平,对青蒿SRAP反应体系进行研究。结果表明,青蒿SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为:引物0.6μmol/L、Mg^2+2.0 mmol/L、模板DNA 5.1 ng、Taq DNA聚合酶2.0 U、dNTPs 0.25 mmol/L,总体积为25μL。各因素对扩增反应均有不同影响,其中引物浓度的影响最大,dNTPs的影响最小。运用该体系对不同种质资源的青蒿进行验证,证明该体系稳定可靠,并在30个引物组合中筛选出了25对扩增条带清晰,多态性丰富的引物组合。这一结论为今后利用SRAP标记技术进行青蒿分子遗传学研究提供了科学依据。     

国审‘陇育5号’小麦丰产广适特性分析与推广应用策略

分析国审 ‘陇育5号’小麦丰产性、抗逆性、广适机理及推广策略,以期为北部旱地小麦高效育种和品种推广提供借鉴。利用多年多点国家北部旱地、甘肃省陇东片区域试验及高产示范资料,对冬小麦新品种‘陇育5号’的性状进行比较分析。‘陇育5号’多点区域试验、生产试验产量平均为4922.54 kg/hm²,比对照品种平均增产13.28%,增产点（次）率89.97%。有效穗数597.0万/hm²,收获指数39.6%,旱地产量潜力达6399.0 kg/hm²。成穗多与收获指数较高是实现‘陇育5号’高产潜力的基础,抗寒抗旱抗病、耐生育后期高温、粒重变异小是其广适性和大面积推广的重要保障。‘陇育5号’丰产性强,抗寒抗旱、综合抗逆性好,品质优良,适应范围广。在推广应用中,应采取项目推广方式,订单式原种生产,合同式良种繁育,“科研单位+地方政府+种业企业+示范农户”四位一体的推广模式。     

Habitat analysis of the commercial tuna of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

We have extracted information on the habitats of bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean by matching the spatial‐temporal distribution of catch and effort of purse seine and longline fleets collected by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission with oceanographic conditions and subjecting the matched data to Quotient Analysis and General Additive Models (GAMs). These analyses yielded the following results. The habitats defined by the GAM analysis of young fish differ significantly between two periods, one before and one after the introduction of fish aggregation devices (FADs). This was not true for the older fish caught by longline. We speculate that these changes were caused by the extensive use of FADs. Younger bigeye and yellowfin caught by the purse seine fleet have a different preference of environmental variables compared to older fish caught by longline. This is to be expected since tuna of different age groups have different sizes, metabolic capabilities and swimming skills. Moreover, as revealed by GAMs, the habitats of young fish differ between species to a much larger degree than those of older fish. Our results indicate the fundamental differences between fishing methods, targeted species, and operating region of the two fisheries. Specifically, young bigeye occupy equatorial waters farther from the coast and where the hypoxic layer is deeper, young skipjack occupy more productive waters associated with equatorial and coastal upwelling, and young yellowfin occupy broad areas where waters are underlain by a shallow hypoxic layer.     

符号学视阈下土楼和客家文化融合的重构与应用研究

客家土楼是特殊的文化现象，不能仅仅从建筑工艺方面考察它的特征，而应该考虑其中承载的文化符号内涵。传统的皮尔斯三元符号学模型以符形、符指、符义为构架，对大部分客观事物可以做出很好的分析，但对于文化符号所具有的“历史”与“关联故事”则没有很好的体现。因此在皮尔斯的三元符号模型基础上，应增加“符事”元素，以记载与符号相关的故事，并增加“符史”元素，以记载符号的演化历史。从符形、符指、符义、符事、符史五个角度分析客家土楼文化，有利于理解客家文化在历史跨越和中原士大夫迁移中产生的融合与变迁。     

青海气候模式解释预报产品的开发及其检验

基于1982—2016年的气候模式数值预测产品资料,整理分析生成未来45天北半球500 h Pa高度场和本地气温、降水资料,应用降尺度方法和PP、MOS预报工具建立了预报模型及其业务系统平台。结果表明:业务系统平台构建必须考虑系统结构和功能的先进性、数据存储传输备份的经济性、系统管理的可维护性;此外,还要兼顾前瞻性、开放性、稳定性、安全性和拓展性。系统模块编制采用前端网页、后端程序、模型—视图—控制器的模式和通用的通信协议技术。适合青海高原气候模式解释应用的降尺度方法是车氏多项式、EOF经验正交函数分解和预报量的分区。2012—2016年青海35个样本的月降水量、51个样本的月平均气温预报建模试验的平均评分分别为64%和75%,预报试验获得较高评分的关键是选择最好的因子构建方案和制作预报的回归预报方法。     

Physical forcing on fish abundance in the southern California Current System

The California Current System (CCS) is an eastern boundary current system with strong biological productivity largely due to seasonal wind‐driven upwelling and transport of the California Current (CC). Two independent, yet complementary time series, CalCOFI ichthyoplankton surveys and sampling of southern California power plant cooling‐water intakes, have indicated that an assemblage of predominantly cool‐water affinity fishes spanning nearshore to oceanic environments in the southern CCS has declined dramatically from the 1970s to the 2000s. We examined potential oceanographic drivers behind this decline both within and north of the CalCOFI survey area in order to capture upstream processes as well. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses using output from a data‐assimilative regional ocean model revealed significant relationships between the fish time series and spatial patterns of upwelling, upper ocean heat content and eddy kinetic energy in the CCS. Correlation and linear regression analyses indicated that the declining trend in fish abundance was correlated with a suite of factors: reduced offshore and increased inshore upwelling; a long term warming trend combined with more recent interannual variability in ocean temperature; weaker eddy kinetic energy north of Point Conception (35°N), potentially indicating reduced transport of the California Current (CC); increased influence of the California Undercurrent (CUC); and a decline in zooplankton displacement volume across the southern CCS. Understanding how changes in oceanography affect fish populations will offer insights into managing fisheries in a changing climate.     

基于大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型建立芍药内酯苷的PK-PD模型

[目的]建立芍药内酯苷的药动学-药效学(PK-PD)模型。[方法]首先采用液质联用法测定大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型给予辛芍组方后的不同时间点所得血浆样本中芍药内酯苷的药物浓度,获得药时曲线;同时采用试剂盒测定不同时间点所得血浆样本中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量,获得时效曲线。然后用Win Non Lin软件采用房室模型的分析方法对芍药内酯苷的药代动力学参数进行拟合,获得PK参数。在此基础之上,固定相关的药代动力学参数,对时效关系进行拟合,得到相关的PD参数,根据PD参数,建立辛芍组方中芍药内酯苷的PK-PD模型。[结果]当以SOD为药效指标时,可得辛芍组方中芍药内酯苷的PK-PD模型为E=21.04+(7.16×Ce)/(Ce+372.4);当以LDH为药效指标时,可得辛芍组方中代表成分芍药内酯苷的PK-PD模型为E=216.83-(37.31×Ce)/(Ce+0.04)。[结论]SOD和LDH的浓度与芍药内酯苷的浓度存在一定的相关性。芍药内酯苷可通过提高SOD、降低LDH发挥抗氧化作用来实现保护脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

黑龙江省国有林区脆弱异质性家庭对停伐政策的态度及影响因素研究

基于2016年黑龙江省重点国有林区348户家庭的微观调查数据,实证分析黑龙江省国有林区脆弱异质性家庭对停伐政策的态度及影响因素。采用因子分析与综合评价法将348户职工家庭分为脆弱性家庭和非脆弱性家庭,描述性分析2组样本家庭对停伐政策的态度及认知情况,利用多元有序logit模型分析脆弱性与非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策态度的影响因素。结果表明:非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的了解程度及执行情况的评价均高于脆弱性家庭,脆弱性家庭相对非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的认可度较高,但是应对风险冲击的能力相对较低。脆弱性家庭和非脆弱性家庭对停伐政策的态度受户主特征、家庭特征以及政策认知特征变量的显著影响,但脆弱性家庭变量参数估计绝对值相对更大,因而停伐政策对脆弱性家庭有着更为敏感和强烈的冲击。     

农民兼业化对农业社会化服务需求的影响——基于靖江、东台166户农户的调查分析

基于2015年7月江苏省靖江、东台2地166农户的问卷调查数据,通过描述分析、双向对比,考察农民兼业化对农业社会化服务需求的影响。结果表明,兼业户对劳动力密集型以及技术专业型生产环节的农业社会化服务需求较高,同时在社会化服务供给主体方面更倾向于选择政府。