Comparative functional responses of native and high‐impacting invasive fishes: impact predictions for native prey populations

Comparative functional responses (FRs) can predict impacts of invasive species, including piscivorous fishes, via quantifying their depletion of native food resources as a function of prey density. The utility of FRs for predicting impacts on prey populations by invasive fishes of different trophic guilds was tested here by comparing the FRs of the invaders Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, with three native, trophically analogous fishes, Barbus barbus, Squalius cephalus and Tinca tinca. Chironomid larvae and Gammarus pulex were used as prey items. Predictions, developed from studies on the foraging of C. carpio and C. auratus in the literature, were that the invaders would have significantly higher consumption rates for chironomids than the native fishes, but not for G. pulex. Mean consumption rates for chironomids were significantly lower for both invaders than B. barbus and S. cephalus, but were similar to T. tinca. Barbus barbus had a significantly lower consumption rate of G. pulex than both invaders, but there were no significant differences between S. cephalus, T. tinca and the invaders. All FRs were type II, with FR curves for the invaders preying upon chironomids never being significantly higher than the native fishes, contrary to predictions. For G. pulex, some significant differences were apparent between the invaders and native fishes, but again were contrary to predictions. These results indicated that when predation impacts of invasive fishes could also be a function of their population density and body sizes, these parameters should be incorporated into FR models to improve impact predictions.     

大蒜素治疗细菌感染所致呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的 评估大蒜素治疗细菌感染所致呼吸机相关性肺炎危重患者的临床疗效。方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法，选取2011年01月-2014年12月收入重症监护病房且符合呼吸机相关性肺炎诊断标准的92例患者（均为细菌感染所致），按照随机数字表法将其分为治疗组42例及对照组50例。对照组在常规治疗基础上加用抗生素治疗，治疗组在对照组基础上加用大蒜素治疗，疗程14 d。分析两组患者的病原菌分布情况，比较两组患者机械通气时间、抗生素治疗时间、住ICU时间及14 d病死率；并观察记录大蒜素使用过程中安全性及不良反应发生率。结果 细菌感染所致呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的常见病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌（35.2%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（17.1%）、铜绿假单胞菌（13.3%）、肺炎链球菌（13.3%）及肺炎克雷伯菌（8.6%）。治疗组机械通气时间略短于对照组（P>0.05），抗生素使用时间及住ICU时间显著短于对照组（P<0.01）。两组患者治疗后14 d病死率无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 细菌感染所致呼吸机相关性肺炎患者在常规抗感染治疗基础上加用大蒜素治疗，能显著缩短抗生素使用时间，且有缩短患者机械通气时间及住ICU时间，临床不良反应发生率低，可以安全使用。     

原位合成纳米金/石墨烯修饰玻碳电极检测水和土壤中痕量铅

为提高痕量铅的检测精度,提出了一种简单、可控的一步还原法在裸玻碳电极表面原位合成纳米金/石墨烯材料的方法,并通过循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry,CV)对修饰电极进行电化学表征。利用修饰后的电极对醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液中的铅离子(Pb(Ⅱ))标准样品进行检测,并对检测条件进行了优化。优化条件下的试验结果表明,在pH值为4.5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液中,Pb(Ⅱ)的溶出峰为-0.08 V,在1～90μg/L范围内Pb(Ⅱ)的溶出峰电流与Pb(Ⅱ)浓度之间呈现良好的线性关系(R~2=0.985),最小检测下限为0.27μg/L。在优化后的条件下采用该电极测定了实际水样与土壤中的Pb(Ⅱ)含量,加标回收率区间分别为93.75%～109.20%和93.82%～109.9%,相对标准偏差均小于7%,可以用于对实际水样与土壤样本的检测。     

Wild Bonelli’s eagles (Aquila fasciata) as carrier of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain

Wild birds have repeatedly been found to be involved in the dissemination of enteric bacterial pathogens in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter as well as the antimicrobial resistance in wild Bonelli’s eagles nestlings in Eastern Spain. In addition, we compared the efficiency of two sampling methods (fresh faecal samples from nest and cloacal swabs from nestlings) for detection of both bacteria. A total of 28 nests with 45 nestlings were analysed. In the nest, Salmonella occurrence was 61 ± 9.2%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 5.8% (p < 0.05). In the nestlings, Salmonella occurrence was 36 ± 7.1%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 4.7% (p < 0.05). Eight Salmonella serovars were identified, and the most frequently isolated were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Houston, and S. Cerro. Only one Campylobacter species was identified (C. jejuni). Regarding antimicrobial resistance, the Salmonella strains isolated were found to be most frequently resistant to ampicillin and to tigecycline; however, the sole Campylobacter strain recovered was multidrug resistant. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that wild Bonelli’s eagles nestlings are greater carriers of Salmonella than of Campylobacter. Both Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance. In addition, faecal samples from nests were most reliable for Salmonella detection, while cloacal swab from nestlings were most reliable for Campylobacter detection.     

Simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) with a single sweep polarography

A new method of simultaneous determining Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) with a single sweep polarography was developed. The experiment condition was studied and the results show that the optimum base solution is that the residue got from evaporating 25 mL mixed solution, 2.5 mL 1.0 mol/L ethylenediamine, 3.0 mL 1.0 mol/L ammonia-ammonium chloride, 5.0 mL 10 % sodium sulfite and 0.5 mL 0.5 % gelatin were mixed and diluted to 25 mL with water. Under the condition of this base solution, the polarography wave shapes of the six cations are ideal and without overlap of the peaks. In this base solution, Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) in synthetic samples were determined with relative errors 0.4–9.4% and relative standard deviations 0.8%-12.2%. Under this experiment condition, one fold of Pb(II), Cr(VI) and Mo(VI) do not interfere with the determination for Cu(II). This method has been used to the simultaneous determination of the amount of the six cations in the samples of soil and Beiqi Tea. The relative standard deviations were 0. l%-2.1% and recoveries were 93.5%-99.0 %.     

Kinetics of Hg adsorption onto noncrystalline Al hydroxide as influenced by low-molecular-weight organic ligands

This study was conducted to investigate the kinetics of Hg adsorption by noncrystalline Al hydroxide as influenced by various pH conditions and cysteine (cys), glycine (gly), and citric acid (cit), which have different structures and functionalities, as low-molecular-weight organic ligands using the GEOCHEM-PC software. The influence of these organic ligands on the kinetics of Hg adsorption varied according to their concentration, structure, and functionality and pH. The adsorption of Hg followed multiple first order kinetics with initial rapid adsorption, followed by slow adsorption. Cysteine suppressed or enhanced Hg adsorption, depending on pH and its concentration. Glycine and citric acid exerted suppressing and enhancing effects, respectively, with the exception of at pH 4.5 and at lower concentrations, at which no influence was observed as compared to the control. Two mechanisms were thought to mediate the adsorption of Hg(II); specific surface complexation in the control, cysteine and glycine systems, and ligand exchange in the citric acid system. The Hg adsorption at all levels of organic ligands decreased with increasing pH, with the exception of at the higher concentration of cysteine, at which the reverse trend was observed. The influence of organic ligands on the dynamics of Hg in the freshwater environment merits further study.     

云阴影区机载高光谱影像森林树种分类

[目的]使用窄波段植被指数、纹理信息等特征对影像进行分类,探究植被指数和纹理信息对于云阴影下树种分类的潜力。[方法]使用经过大气校正后的高光谱影像进行窄波段植被指数的计算、纹理分析以及主成分分析,并对计算的结果进行波段组合。用于计算纹理信息的波段通过最佳指示因子进行选择,选取的波段数为31(0.67 nm),51(0.86 nm),55(0.89 nm) 3个波段。结合高分辨率的航空相片进行训练样本的选择,采用Support Vector Machine(SVM)方法对经过大气校正后的反射率影像和重组后的特征影像分别进行分类,使用样地实测的树种信息对分类结果进行验证,使用总体精度和Kappa系数作为分类精度的评价指标。[结果]相对于直接使用反射率影像进行分类,使用窄波段植被指数以及纹理信息可以显著地提高云阴影下地物的分类精度,其分类精度和Kappa系数分别为90.4%和0.88,比直接使用反射率影像的分类精度和Kappa系数分别提高了18%和0.2。[结论]使用重新组合后的影像进行树种分类比直接使用反射率影像进行分类,其分类精度更高,说明窄波段植被指数与纹理特征可以提高云阴影区树种分类的精度。使用波段重组后的影像对云阴影下地物分类,其对于单个地物的分类精度也有明显的提高。     

鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的生物学参数及资源量的估算

研究基于鄱阳湖渔业资源调查数据，运用软件FiSAT II对翘嘴鳜的生物学参数及其资源量进行了初步估算。结果显示，鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜体长范围为77-526 mm；体长和体重的关系式为W = 1.888´10-5L3.042(R2=0.951, n=577)，von Bertalanffy生长方程的各参数为: 渐进体长L∞ = 551.25 mm，生长系数K = 0.210，理论生长起点年龄t0 = -0.601。总死亡系数Z=1.06/a，自然死亡系数M=0.44/a，捕捞死亡系数F=0.62/a，最适开捕体长为150 mm。鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜开发率E = 0.58，处于资源过度利用状态。鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜的初始资源量估算高达1.92´104 t，最大可持续产量MSY为4384.93 t。鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜群体中补充群体和低龄剩余群体的比例明显增加，低龄化和小型化趋势凸显，资源衰退问题突出，但生长潜力依然存在。应采取降低对鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜繁殖群体的捕捞强度、保护产卵场等积极措施来保护这一珍贵的渔业资源。     

玉米和高粱用于碳同化和光呼吸的电子效率估算

为了探讨C₄植物碳同化和光呼吸的电子效率，运用Li-6400光合仪同时测定玉米和高粱在30℃和380 μmol CO₂ mol^-1下叶片的气体交换和叶绿素荧光，结果表明，直角双曲线修正模型可较好地拟合所测的光响应曲线和快速光曲线，其拟合值与实测值较为一致。在此基础上算得玉米和高粱在光呼吸条件下参与碳同化的电子流分别为198.60 μmol m^-2 s^-1和178.00 μmol m^-2 s^-1，所占比率分别为75.34%和74.81%；参与光呼吸的电子流分别为7.04 μmol m^-2 s^-1和7.84 μmol m^-2 s^-1，所占比率分别为2.67%和3.29%。而根据Valentini和Epron的方法算得玉米和高粱碳同化的电子流分别为210.45 μmol m^-2 s^-1和188.54 μmol m^-2 s^-1，所占比例分别为82.68%和79.24%；参与光呼吸的电子流则分别为45.67 μmol m^-2 s^-1和49.40 μmol m^-2 s^-1，所占比率分别为17.32%和20.76%。以前法研究表明，玉米和高粱在光呼吸条件下，来自PSII的电子除流向光呼吸和碳还原外，还存在其他消耗电子的途径，证明其他消耗电子的途径并不能被忽略或其他途径所消耗电子的量并不是常数。后法过高地估算了玉米和高粱叶片中来自PSII的电子用于光呼吸的消耗量。两法的结果相差6倍左右。这对重新评估光呼吸在植物的光保护中所起的作用提供了理论依据。