基于多元森林管理理念的森林治理研究

基于当前全球森林治理国际标准、规则混乱,国际森林的私人规制日益占据主导地位的现状,界定了多元森林管理的定义、内涵,分析了多元森林管理的主要限制因素,梳理了鼓励多元森林管理实施的因素和机会,并提出改进对策和建议,以期为学界进一步深入研究全球森林治理及多元森林管理问题提供借鉴。     

Optimizing competitive uses of water for irrigation and fisheries

Choosing the appropriate reservoir water management strategy can be difficult when the water has multiple uses. This study examines this problem for reservoir managers where water use involves irrigation and fisheries. A stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model is developed to facilitate reservoir management, using a case study illustration for southern Vietnam. The model includes the response of rice and fish yields to key factors including reservoir water levels, the timing and quantity of water release, and climatic conditions. The model also accounts for variation in rainfall patterns, irrigation requirements, and the demand for low water levels during the fish harvest season. Three production scenarios are examined where the reservoir's water is used for: only producing rice (scenario 1), only producing fish (scenario 2), and producing rice and fish (scenario 3). Key findings are: (1) for scenario 1, adequate water should be released to meet rice growing water requirements and residual water should be stored as a source of water in case of low rainfall, (2) for scenario 2, sufficient water needs to be released prior to the fish harvest to maximize this harvest; and (3) for scenario 3, water should be released prior to fish harvest, but sufficient water should remain to satisfy the water requirements of rice. When the reservoir is managed for joint production of rice and fish, net benefits are 6% greater than when the reservoir is managed solely for rice production. The SDP model developed in this paper could be adapted and applied to other multiple-use resources such as forests, river basins, and land.     

Common Influences on the Success of Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act

Over half of the endangered species in the United States depend on private lands for habitat. In 1982, Congress amended the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to address the conservation of endangered species on private lands through the introduction of Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs). HCPs enable landowners to comply with the ESA and can foster creative partnerships between the federal government and local stakeholders. Researchers have investigated the scientifically biological merits of HCPs, but comparatively little attention has been given to social aspects despite an emphasis on stakeholder involvement in HCPs. We explore stakeholder perceptions of HCP development through 19 semi-structured key informant interviews. Findings include the influence of interpersonal themes, shared understanding and capacity on process outcomes, and the importance of the external context in which HCP development occurs. Our research highlights the central role of understanding social dimensions to achieve the desired outcomes from collaborative conservation planning processes.     

硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对连作草莓生长、果实产量及品质的影响

为了探索硅酸钾与生防放线菌配合施用对草莓连作障碍的修复效果,以"红太后"草莓为材料,采用日光温室栽培,研究了硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对连作草莓生长、果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明:(1)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对日光温室连作草莓具有明显的防病促生作用,可使连作3年草莓1级苗比例提高44.7%,3级苗比例下降58.3%,连作4年草莓死亡率降至0%;连作3年草莓植株总鲜重、根鲜重、叶片数及叶片鲜重分别增加73.7%、71.3%、11.1%及38.7%。(2)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对草莓开花、果实产量及品质有明显影响,可使连作3年草莓开花提前10 d,花蕾数提高17.0%,果实数、单果鲜重及单株产量分别增加18.6%、90.6%及126.2%,盛果期草莓果实可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比及维生素C含量分别提高21.7%、36.2%及27.0%;可显著提高连作4年草莓单果鲜重和单株产量(P<0.05),增幅分别为194.7%和359.1%。(3)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施可提高草莓的诱导抗性,草莓叶片可溶性蛋白含量和盛果期PPO酶活性分别提高67.4%和101.0%。由此可知,硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施可显著促进连作草莓生长,提高果实产量及品质,增强植株抗病性,可有效缓解日光温室草莓连作障碍,在生产上具有较好应用潜力。     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

Platforms for collective action in multiple-use common-pool resources

Collective action processes in complex, multiple-use common-pool resources (CPRs) have only recently become a focus of study. When CPRs evolve into more complex systems, resource use by separate user groups becomes increasingly interdependent. This implies, amongst others, that the institutional framework governing resource use has to be re-negotiated to avoid adverse impacts associated with the increased access of any new stakeholders, such as overexploitation, alienation of traditional users, and inter-user conflicts. The establishment of platforms for resource use negotiation is a way of dealing with complex natural resource management problems. Platforms arise when stakeholders perceive the same resource management problem, realize their interdependence in solving it, and come together to agree on action strategies for solving the problem (Röling, 1994). This article sets the scene for a discussion in this Special Issue about the potential of nested platforms for resource use negotiation in facilitating collective action in the management of complex, multiple-use CPRs. The article has five objectives. First, we define collective action in the context of this paper. Second, we discuss the importance of collective action in multiple-use CPRs. Third, we introduce the concept of platforms to coordinate collective action by multiple users. Fourth, we address some issues that emerge from evidence in the field regarding the role and potential of nested platforms for managing complex CPRs. Finally, we raise five discussion statements. These will form the basis for the collection of articles in this special issue.     

《消费者权益保护法》与中国经济发展适应性探究——《消费者权益保护法》立法价值趋向探旨

随着中国经济的发展，《消费者权益保护法》的立法经济基础已经发生了很大的变化。与1993年相比，中国社会的经济发展状况突显出多样性、复杂性等特点。在这样的经济发展背景下，《消费者权益保护法》的立法价值趋向也应该有所调整，才能在最大程度上实现其立法之目的，以保护消费者的权益。文章拟从比较分析《消费者权益保护法》立法时的经济背景与现在的经济发展状况来寻求新的《消费者权益保护法》的立法价值趋向。     

河南豫北地区菜农的施药行为调查分析

对安阳市800户菜农农药施用行为进行调查,结果表明,安阳地区菜农合理使用农药的状况不容乐观,存在农药相关基础知识匮乏,农药使用相关法律法规知识率较低,对农药为害性认识不足,参加过无公害蔬菜生产技术等培训的农户比例低等问题。从指导菜农科学规范用药、加强无公害蔬菜生产技术培训、对蔬菜产品实行市场准入制度、加强农药市场监督执法力度等角度提出了可行性建议与对策。     

An approach to public participation in strategic forest management planning

An application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is presented for taking public preferences into account in choosing the management strategy for a forest area. An illustrative example of the use of the approach is given, and some experiences in practical planning at Ruunaa conservation area in Eastern Finland are discussed. The approach can be applied to representative, as well as to participatory democracy approaches. The use of the approach is mainly discussed with regard to representative democracy. In the representative approach, a level of players consisting of interest groups is added into the decision hierarchy, just above the level of decision objectives. In the participatory approach, the level of players consists of citizens. By applying the approach, valuable information can be obtained about public values and their effects on the choice of management strategy as well as about possibilities to attain a compromise between conflicting interests.     

An appraisal of environmental conflict management provisions in New Zealand's Resource Management Act 1991

Abstract: Since the 1970s a body of literature has developed internationally which can be termed loosely as ‘environmental conflict management’ (ECM) theory and practice. When New Zealand's disparate environmental management framework was reformed during the 1980s a ‘superstatute’ known as the Resource Management Act (RMA), passed in 1991, was the major outcome. During the RMA policy formulation process in the late 1980s, known as Resource Management Law Reform (RMLR), calls were made for better integration of mediation and other alternative dispute resolution (ADR) approaches into the statutory framework. The final wording of the RMA includes specific clauses on mediation and the option of ‘pre‐hearing meetings’, suggesting that ECM and environmental dispute resolution (EDR) approaches have become part of the new decision‐making framework in New Zealand. Given such provisions, and the fact that it is now more than ten years since the RMA was passed, an appraisal of ECM/EDR progress to date within this statute seems justified. It is argued that to date very little emphasis has been placed upon early EDR intervention. This lack of emphasis, it is concluded, is due primarily to low levels of awareness and inadequate training and despite limitations on its usefulness in certain resource conflict settings we suggest that there is scope for greater promotion and implementation of EDR approaches in the local government context.