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1.
Fertilizers are widely applied in agricultural practice to improve crop yield and quality. However, they can also alter the behavior of soil pollutants. A field experiment was conducted on a chernozem in Heilongjiang Province, China. Various proportions of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and organic (manure) fertilizers were applied. Soil samples were collected four times over 2 years, and the total concentrations and speciation of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) were analyzed. Inorganic fertilizer addition had little effect on the total concentration of Cr and Cd, while organic fertilizer addition reduced the total concentrations of both Cr and Cd. Inorganic fertilizers increased the concentration of Cr in the exchangeable form, but decreased that of the residual form (P < 0.05). Addition of inorganic or organic fertilizer alone decreased concentrations of exchangeable Cd (P < 0.05), but the combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers had the opposite effect. High concentration of total Cd exceeding the upper limits of the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils proposed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China could result in an environmental risk, and fertilizer application could lower that risk. Results of risk assessment code calculated as the percentage of the sum of metal concentrations in the exchangeable and carbonate-associated form in total metal concentration showed that Cr and Cd risks were lowered when organic fertilizer was applied alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Our study highlighted that organic fertilizer should be applied alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers to lower the environmental risks of Cr and Cd pollution in the chernozem.  相似文献   
2.
臭氧氧化对奶牛场沼液中磷形态转化的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
为了提高沼液磷的回收效果,研究了曝气种类和曝气条件对奶牛场沼液磷形态转化的影响。结果表明:在参考曝气条件下,与氮气和空气相比,臭氧能更大程度地降低颗粒态磷和交换态磷含量,并大幅度提升溶解性正磷酸盐含量。臭氧曝气的优选条件为沼液初始pH值为6、臭氧发生量为10 g·h~(-1)、氧化时间为60 min,曝气后沼液中溶解性正磷酸盐浓度提高了76.12%,溶解性正磷酸盐占总磷比例提升20.75%。臭氧氧化可以促进颗粒态磷和交换态磷向溶解性正磷酸盐转化,从而促进沼液磷的回收。  相似文献   
3.
In northern Fennoscandian lakes, monophylogenetic lineages of postglacial fishes are radiating into several adaptive forms, but the speciation process is still at an incipient stage. The speciation process has received increased attention over the years, but the underlying mechanisms and drivers are still debated and poorly understood. European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus [L.]) is the most abundant fish species in these lakes and has evolved into several ecomorphs adapted to different trophic niches and habitats. Genetic divergence has been observed among these ecomorphs, but the mechanism(s) responsible for the ongoing build-up of reproductive isolation has still to be revealed. As these systems are young in evolutionary time (<10 kyr), prezygotic and postzygotic extrinsic isolation mechanisms are thought to be more likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation than intrinsic isolation mechanisms. We determined the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of three ecomorphs in two replicated lake systems and used GSI as a proxy to investigate the prezygotic isolation mechanism, allochrony, as a driving factor of divergence in this adaptive radiation of whitefish. We found that the three ecomorphs differed in GSI values within and between lakes, suggesting different spawning times of the ecomorphs. We also show that males of one ecomorph had equal onset of maturity as another ecomorph, giving novel insights into the ongoing gene flow observed between ecomorphs. The result supports allochrony as a driver for the divergence process of whitefish ecomorphs, but more evidence is still needed to rule out that the three ecomorphs make use of different spawning grounds.  相似文献   
4.
采用完全组合试验设计,比较了果壳有机肥(NM)、猪粪有机肥(PM)、污泥有机肥(SM)、腐殖土有机肥(HM)和蚯蚓土有机肥(EM)在不同用量下对不同污染程度土壤[外源添加(CH3COOH)2Pb溶液]中有效Pb的影响,并探讨了土壤有效Pb变化与Pb形态转化的联系。结果表明,施用有机肥能降低轻度、中度和重度污染土壤中有效Pb的含量,且随着有机肥用量增加降幅增大,其中在中度和重度污染程度土壤中尤为显著。各有机肥中以SM、PM处理的效果最为突出,其土壤有效Pb含量较对照分别降低24.22%~36.10%和19.33%~35.48%。5种有机肥处理土壤有效Pb含量都随时间呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,在培养至10 d达到峰值,此后逐步降低并在60 d后趋于稳定,其变化动态与Pb各形态转化动态具有一致性。经有机肥处理后,轻度污染土壤中,碳酸盐结合态铅(Carb-Pb)含量降低5.36%~12.91%,有机结合态铅(OM-Pb)含量稍有上升,残渣态铅(Res-Pb)含量增加18.92%~45.47%;在中度污染土壤中,Carb-Pb含量稍有下降,Res-Pb含量显著增加24.30%~38.04%;在重度污染土壤中,Carb-Pb含量无显著变化,OMPb和Res-Pb含量都有大幅增加,其增幅分别为14.46%~41.06%和29.02%~56.29%。土壤中Carb-Pb对有效Pb具有显著正向贡献,而OM-Pb和Res-Pb表现为显著的负向贡献。研究表明,有机肥主要通过降低Carb-Pb含量而大幅增加OM-Pb和Res-Pb含量,使得土壤Pb的有效性显著降低。  相似文献   
5.
植物对硒的吸收转运和形态转化机制   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
阐述了植物对不同形态硒的吸收、转运和形态转化机制。植物主要吸收水溶性硒,包括部分有机硒、硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐。多数研究表明植物对硒酸盐的主动吸收是通过高亲和力的硫酸盐转运子完成,最近的研究表明磷酸盐可以调节亚硒酸盐的吸收,磷酸盐转运子在亚硒酸盐的主动吸收过程中有重要作用;植物吸收的硒酸盐很快从根部转移到地上部,在叶片中被还原成亚硒酸盐,进而转化为有机硒化物进入其他组织;而亚硒酸盐及其代谢产物主要积累在根部,极少转移到地上部。进入植物体中的硒转化为含硒氨基酸和硒蛋白参与植物的代谢。  相似文献   
6.
This study was conducted to investigate the kinetics of Hg adsorption by noncrystalline Al hydroxide as influenced by various pH conditions and cysteine (cys), glycine (gly), and citric acid (cit), which have different structures and functionalities, as low-molecular-weight organic ligands using the GEOCHEM-PC software. The influence of these organic ligands on the kinetics of Hg adsorption varied according to their concentration, structure, and functionality and pH. The adsorption of Hg followed multiple first order kinetics with initial rapid adsorption, followed by slow adsorption. Cysteine suppressed or enhanced Hg adsorption, depending on pH and its concentration. Glycine and citric acid exerted suppressing and enhancing effects, respectively, with the exception of at pH 4.5 and at lower concentrations, at which no influence was observed as compared to the control. Two mechanisms were thought to mediate the adsorption of Hg(II); specific surface complexation in the control, cysteine and glycine systems, and ligand exchange in the citric acid system. The Hg adsorption at all levels of organic ligands decreased with increasing pH, with the exception of at the higher concentration of cysteine, at which the reverse trend was observed. The influence of organic ligands on the dynamics of Hg in the freshwater environment merits further study.  相似文献   
7.
乌鲁木齐市两污水厂处理工艺及出水水质比较   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
对乌鲁木齐市两家污水处理厂的工艺进行比较,分析这两厂出水水质的基本理化性质和重金属的形态。结果表明:甲厂采用不完全的"AB法工艺",对SS、COD Cr和BOD5有较强的处理效果,而总磷和氨氮去除效果不明显。其中,SS、COD Cr、BOD5、总磷和氨氮的去除率分别为43%,66%,74%,44%,48%。乙厂采用氧化沟工艺,对进水中的SS、COD Cr、BOD5、总磷和氨氮均有良好的去除效果,相应的去除率依次为81%,94%,96%,96%,88%。两厂出水中Cd含量虽未超标,但均以水溶态为主,两厂的工艺对Cd无去除效果。甲厂的出水水中Pb含量低于进水中Pb含量,但乙厂进水和出水中Pb含量无显著差异,均以水溶态为主。两厂出水中Zn含量下降,Cu含量无显著变化。  相似文献   
8.
硒的形态与其功能和毒性关系密切,基于环境样品的复杂性在形态分析中选择合适的预处理是硒形态分析准确性的前提。目前硒形态分析预处理的方法主要有:液相萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相微萃取以及液相微萃取,笔者简单分析了各种预处理方法的原理、特点,综述了各种预处理及形态分析方法的应用条件、优缺点,展望了元素形态分析上的应用情景。  相似文献   
9.
The fungal genus Alternaria comprises a large number of asexual taxa with diverse ecological, morphological and biological modes ranging from saprophytes to plant pathogens. Understanding the speciation processes affecting asexual fungi is important for estimating biological diversity, which in turn affects plant disease management and quarantine enforcement. This study included 106 isolates of Alternaria representing five phylogenetically defined clades in two sister sub‐generic groups: section Porri (A. dauci, A. solani and A. limicola) and section Alternaria (A. alternata/tenuissima and A. arborescens). Species in section Porri are host‐specific while species in section Alternaria have wider host ranges. For each isolate, DNA sequences of three genes (Alt a1, ATPase, Calmodulin) were used to estimate phylogenies at the population and species levels. Three multilocus haplotypes were distinguished among A. dauci isolates and only one haplotype among A. solani and A. limicola isolates, revealing low or no differentiation within each taxon and strong clonal structure for taxa in this section. In contrast, 37 multilocus haplotypes were found among A. alternata/tenuissima isolates and 21 multilocus haplotypes among A. arborescens isolates, revealing much higher genotypic diversity and multiple clonal lineages within taxa, which is not typical of asexual reproducing lineages. A species tree was inferred using a Yule Speciation model and a strict molecular clock assumption. Species boundaries were well defined within section Porri. However, species boundaries within section Alternaria were only partially resolved with no well‐defined species boundaries, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting. Significant association with host specificity seems a driving force for speciation.  相似文献   
10.
污泥炭化温度和时间对重金属形态及作物累积的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
【目的】降低污泥土地利用的重金属环境风险.【方法】采用不同炭化温度和时间研究污泥炭化产物重金属含量和形态,并结合盆栽玉米试验研究不同污泥炭化产物对玉米植株生长和重金属吸收的影响.【结果和结论】炭化温度是影响炭化产物重金属含量和形态的主因子,随着温度的升高,炭化产物重金属总量升高,Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni在350~500℃时增幅最大,而Cd和Cr在200℃时增幅最大;炭化产物中环境风险较大的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态重金属比例随温度的增加显著降低,但含量并非温度越高越低,炭化温度350℃对重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni的钝化最佳,而对于含Pb毒性大的污泥则需采用500℃的炭化温度;盆栽试验结果表明,施用炭化污泥对玉米生长有显著促进作用,在等量施用条件下,炭化温度越高、炭化时间越长的产物促生效应越明显;与施用原污泥相比,施用经适宜的炭化时间和温度处理的炭化污泥能显著降低玉米植株体内重金属的累积量,降低重金属进入食物链的风险.  相似文献   
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