Habitat specialization and sensitivity to change in a threatened crayfish occupying upland streams

1. Crayfish are culturally and ecologically important species in freshwater ecosystems, but many are now threatened with extinction, due to threats such as habitat loss. Depending on their habitat selectivity and sensitivity, freshwater crayfish could provide effective targets for stream monitoring, restoration and conservation. This study used repeated field surveys of the threatened Murray crayfish, Euastacus armatus (family Parastacidae), to establish their habitat preferences and sensitivity to habitat loss across mesohabitat and microhabitat scales within upland streams of south‐east Australia. 2. Selectivity analysis revealed that upland populations of E. armatus displayed a strong preference for areas of intermediate water flow velocity, deeper water, and stream beds dominated by boulders and gravel. Variations in E. armatus density among and within the two upland streams aligned with these microhabitat preferences, with best‐subsets analyses revealing that E. armatus abundance hotspots were best predicted by models combining water depth with percentage cover of boulders, gravel and overhanging riparian vegetation. 3. Major shifts in stream habitat condition from 2009 to 2015 (e.g. 32% and 50% decline in boulder and overhanging vegetation cover, respectively) was associated with a 91% decline in E. armatus mean density within glide‐pool mesohabitats. 4. These findings highlight how habitat specialization in threatened crayfish such as E. armatus may render them sensitive to changes in stream habitat condition, and how targeted monitoring, restoration and conservation of their preferred habitats could yield multiple benefits for montane freshwater ecosystems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

竹子深度脱木质素蒸煮与常规硫酸盐法蒸煮的比较

为了提高竹浆性能和减少环境污染,对福建丛生小径竹进行了实验室模拟延伸改良连续蒸煮(EMCC)和常规硫酸盐法蒸煮(CKC)的研究。结果表明,EMCC蒸煮通过分段加入蒸煮药液和在逆流段进行药液置换,比CKC具有更高的脱木质素选择性。在蒸煮相同卡伯值的竹浆时,EMCC浆比常规硫酸盐浆(CK浆)具有更高细浆得率、较低粗渣率、更高粘度和更好强度性能。在相同的打浆度下,EMCC浆抗张指数、耐破指数和撕裂指数都比常规硫酸盐浆高。     

单桩张网菱形、方形网目网囊选择性研究

近年来,一种利用帆布作为扩张装置的新型单桩张网渔具在吕四渔场得到了快速发展。为了改善这种张网对主要渔获对象的尺寸选择性,进而评价其渔获性能以及对渔业资源的影响,使用套网试验法开展了不同网目尺寸(25 mm、35 mm和45 mm)的菱形和方形网目网囊尺寸选择性试验。通过对黄鲫(Setipinnataay)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)渔获体长数据的选择性分析,结果显示,无论是菱形还是方形网目网囊,其50%选择体长L50和选择范围SR都随着网目尺寸的增大而增大(L50呈线性增长)。对比菱形和方形网目的选择性发现,对于黄鲫,50%选择体长L50差异不大,但菱形网目的选择范围SR大于方形网目;对于小黄鱼,方形网目具有更好的选择特性,即具有较大的L50(8%)和较小的SR(52%),但差异均不显著。菱形和方形网目对于不同体型鱼类的选择性差异以及渔民对方形网目网囊的抵触情绪等都使得在张网渔业中推广方形网目网囊值得商榷。     

19种防治棉叶螨药剂室内毒力测定及安全性评价

室内毒力测定结果表明:阿维菌素对棉叶螨活性最高,唑螨酯、哒螨灵、甲氨基阿维菌素、四螨嗪次之;其它药剂对棉叶螨杀螨活性依次为多杀菌素、甲氰菊酯、浏阳霉素、联苯菊酯、倍硫磷、三氯杀螨醇、双甲脒、噻螨酮、克螨特、毒死蜱、喹硫磷、氯氟氰菊酯、对硫磷和伏杀硫磷。哒螨灵、阿维菌素、四螨嗪和唑螨酯对棉叶螨有极高选择性;浏阳霉素、多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素、噻螨酮、克螨特、三氯杀螨醇、双甲脒、倍硫磷和甲氰菊酯次之;喹硫磷、氯氟氰菊酯、对硫磷和伏杀硫磷则无选择性。阿维菌素和甲氨基阿维菌素对中红侧沟茧蜂影响最小。     

Efficiency of reduced primer selectivity and bulked DNA analysis for the rapid detection of AFLP† polymorphisms in a range of crop species

Two approaches to optimise AFLP fingerprinting forthe rapid detection of genetic polymorphisms, i.e.reduced primer selectivity and bulked DNA analysiswere examined. The efficiency of reduced primerselectivity to increase the detection frequency ofgenetic polymorphisms and to obtain more informativefingerprinting profiles was tested in six differentcrops. The number of selective nucleotides was reducedto six in onion, to five in barley, potato, lettuceand cabbage, and to four in flax. This allowed therapid identification of several primer pairs that wereable to discriminate between closely relatedgermplasm. Reproducibility tests on replicate DNAsamples indicated no major negative effects on thereliability of the fingerprinting profiles due to theuse of less selective primers, although for onionpurified DNA was needed to avoid irreproducibleresults. In barley, flax and onion, a less thanfourfold increase in the number of fragments wasobserved when primer pairs were reduced by oneselective nucleotide. This result was attributed todifferent tolerance levels for amplificationmismatches between primer pairs of differentselectivity.The efficiency of bulked DNA analysis to detectgenetic polymorphisms was investigated in differentmixtures of two barley DNA samples. AFLP's of varyingintensity could still be recovered when the two DNA'swere mixed in a 1:1 ratio. However, the frequency ofrecovered bands quickly dropped when in the mixturesthe presence of the DNA carrying the fragments wasdecreased below 50%.The usefulness of the two approaches is discussed inrelation to various aspects of genetic resourcesmanagement.     

盐胁迫对马蔺生长及K+、Na+吸收与运输的影响

本文主要介绍马蔺在盐胁迫下的生长状况以及K 、Na 含量和分布情况。采用砂培试验对马蔺的耐盐性进行了研究。试验结果表明在NaCl胁迫下,随着胁迫浓度的增加,马蔺生物量、株高、干重、肉质化以及K 含量、K /Na 比值降低,同时根冠比、Na 含量增加;各盐处理区根系含水量和肉质化程度大于茎叶,但与盐浓度的相关性不大。在土壤盐浓度<20.0g/kg时,盐胁迫使马蔺根系K-Na的选择性吸收降低,但却增强了向茎叶中运输K 的能力。马蔺受NaCl胁迫时,生长受抑制与植物组织内Na 含量提高和K /Na 比值的降低有关。