福建黄泥田肥力质量特征与最小数据集

黄泥田为福建省主要中低产田类型之一,约占水稻土面积的30%。为解析关键限制因子及开展黄泥田肥力质量评价,进而实施针对性的改良措施,采用配对采样方法,采集福建省20对典型黄泥田与邻近同一微地貌单元内高产灰泥田表层土壤,分析了两种土壤类型28项属性因子指标差异及其原因,并采用主成分分析等方法构建福建省黄泥田肥力质量评价因子最小数据集,通过加权指数法分别计算最小数据集土壤肥力质量指数与差异显著因子构成的重要数据集土壤肥力质量指数。结果表明,与灰泥田相比,黄泥田的有机质含量低19.1%,全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别低14.8%、29.9%和25.4%,碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别低17.8%、56.7%和39.3%,CEC、交换性钙、交换性镁含量分别低12.9%、50.6%和30.8%,有效铁、有效硼和有效锌含量分别低25.6%、33.3%和44.1%。黄泥田的物理性黏粒、0.001 mm黏粒和容重分别较灰泥田高20.8%、25.6%和12.3%,而孔隙度低19.3%。黄泥田过氧化氢酶活性较灰泥田高20.4%,脲酶活性较灰泥田低40.4%。用主成分分析方法从上述19项有显著差异的因子构成的重要数据集中归纳出累计贡献率达76.22%并能反映黄泥田综合肥力特征的6个主成分,建立了由CEC、全钾、有效磷、有效硼和孔隙度5项因子组成的黄泥田肥力评价最小数据集,相应的黄泥田最小数据集土壤肥力质量指数仅相当于灰泥田的69.5%,通过与重要数据集的土壤肥力质量指数相关分析比较,最小数据集可代替重要数据集对福建省黄泥田土壤肥力质量进行正确评价。     

基于粗糙遗传算法在打捆机齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用*

自走式连续作业打捆机是一款实现不停机连续打捆作业的新型秸秆收集装备,其关键功能部件齿轮箱发生故障会严重影响正常打捆工作。针对齿轮箱故障的防控和监测,提出一种结合粗糙集和遗传算法的故障诊断方法。该方法使用时域频域分析得到的多项故障特征参数作为条件属性,故障类型作为决策属性,并利用自适应遗传算法得到决策规则表,实现无需先验信息的属性约简和故障诊断。在齿轮箱故障诊断试验中,分别对不同故障类型进行信号采集和诊断分析,结果显示:该方法在无先验信息的条件下将12项故障特征参量约简为3项,根据决策规则表进行故障诊断的准确率为100%,结果表明该方法能准确判断故障的发生和故障类型,对实现故障监测和防控具有重要意义。     

基于集对分析模型的水土保持工程效益后评价研究

[目的]建立一个科学合理的水土保持效益后评价指标体系对水土保持工程进行效益评价,为小流域的生态治理提供科学后评估依据。[方法]综合分析小流域水土保持工程特性和影响水土保持工程效益的关键因素,识别和选取水土保持工程效益后评价的13项关键指标,建立小流域工程效益后评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和熵值法改进评价指标的权重,结合评价指标数据和指标评价标准应用改进的集对分析模型开展工程效益后评价研究。[结果]改进的集对分析模型结果表明,评价指标体系中水保效益、生态效益、社会效益,流域水土保持工程效益评价总体处于2级水平,流域治理的成效显著、可供开发的空间和潜力较大。[结论]该方法是一种有效地针对小流域的水土保持工程效益评价的新方法。在构建水土保持工程效益后评价指标体系的基础上,将该方法运用到水土保持工程效益后评价中,基本达到了预期的研究目的。     

Soil quality assessment under shifting cultivation and forests in Northeastern Himalaya of India

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of shifting cultivation on soil quality, in Wokha district of Nagaland, using weighted soil quality index (SQIw). Four forest sites and three sites under shifting cultivation were selected and physical (texture and bulk density) and chemical (pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, available N, P, K, exchangeable cations) parameters were analyzed. The SQIw was calculated on a minimum data set selected by principal component analysis, followed by varimax rotation algorithm and through subsequent normalization of the parameters using the linear scoring function. Significant (P < 0.05) variations in SQIw were found across the depth of the soil and land use according to severity of factors associated with land use. Three different classes of soil quality were also identified: high quality (SQIw > 0.70) for two forest soils (FS1 and FS2) and land under shifting cultivation (JH1), low quality (SQIw < 0.50), only to FS3, and intermediate quality (0.50 < SQI < 0.70) in all other soils. The approach used in this study proved to be sensitive to evaluate the soil quality, however further research is required to better understand the sustainability of shifting cultivation by including more physical, biological and chemical indicators.     

不同授粉品种对‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓着果率与果实性状的影响

以‘天赐五号’、‘天赐八号’、‘蓝金’和‘奥尼尔’等4个蓝莓品种作为授粉品种，对‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓进行异花授粉，以‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓自花授粉为对照，研究了不同授粉品种对着果率、果实品质和果实外观性状的影响，以期为‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓生产栽培选择适宜授粉树提供科学依据。研究结果表明：4个授粉品种与‘灿烂’间都具良好的亲和性，对着果率、可溶性固形物含量、花色苷、总酸含量、单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数、萼洼、果蒂、萼片、果形和果梗分离等性状均有显著影响。虽然‘天赐八号’授粉后着果率显著低于‘天赐五号’、‘蓝金’，但其着果率仍可以达到70%以上，同时其可溶性固形物含量、花色苷、总酸含量、单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数等亦显著优于其他授粉品种，这表明‘天赐八号’为‘灿烂’最佳授粉搭配品种。     

马家柚粗皮果形成过程的解剖学观察

为了解马家柚粗皮果形成的原因,以马家柚光皮果为对照,比较了果实发育期间果皮的显微结构。通过对外果皮的解剖结构观察发现,光皮果的油胞下凹,而粗皮果的油胞略有凸起,并且粗皮果的油胞体积明显大于光皮果,二者在油胞上所表现的这些差异可能是导致粗皮果果皮粗糙的主要原因。通过对中果皮的解剖结构观察发现,在果皮成熟时粗皮果中果皮细胞较光皮果形态上更细长,果皮射线方向细胞直径更大,细胞间隙也更大,这些可能是导致粗皮果果皮增厚、海绵层疏松现象的原因之一。     

Impact of high temperatures on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of potato

A rapid warming of 2.8–5.3 °C by the end of this century is expected in South Korea. Considering the current temperature during the spring potato growing season (emergence to harvest; ca. 18 °C), which is near the upper limit of the optimum temperature for potato yield, the anticipated warming will adversely affect potato production in South Korea. The present study assessed the impact of high temperature on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of cv. Superior (which makes up 71% of the annual potato production in South Korea) in four temperature-controlled plastic houses and an outdoor field (37.27°N, 126.99°E) during 2015–2016. The target temperatures of the four plastic houses were set to ambient (AT), AT+1.5 °C, AT+3.0 °C, and AT+5.0 °C. The marketable tuber yield was significantly reduced by 11% per 1 °C increase over a temperature range of 19.1–27.7 °C. The negative impact of high temperature was associated not only with the yield loss of total tubers, which was mostly explained by the slower tuber bulking rate, but also the reduced marketable tuber ratio under temperatures above 23 °C, which was mainly attributed to the reduced number of marketable tubers (r = 0.79***). Under moderate temperatures below 23 °C, the source limited the number of marketable tubers without reducing the marketable tuber ratio. In contrast, the number of marketable tubers was limited by the marketable tuber set at the early growth stage rather than the source under the higher temperatures, which resulted in the reduction in the marketable tuber ratio below 56%. These results suggest that the objectives of breeding and agronomic management for adapting to the rapid warming in South Korea should include maintaining the ability to form tubers at the early growth stage under high temperatures, as well as the photosynthetic capacity and sink strength of the tubers.     

植物营养诊断专家系统知识库及症状标准集建立

研究在分析了植物营养元素知识及典型症状内在规律的基础上，以文献知识为主要获取方法。在研究过程中，收集了覆盖常见作物的元素丰缺条件下的典型与非典型症状描述，直接进入数据库的有286条。以此为基础，提出了作物营养元素症状描述的客观标准集：（1）按元素分类建立了12种元素的客观标准集；（2）在对客观标准集分析归纳的基础上，建立了植株的表观症状描述、部位的表观症状描述、叶片的表观症状描述和诊断检索表；（3）分析了以SQL server2000为数据库平台的技术优势。本知识库的建立为诊断系统成功开发奠定了知识基础。     

水泵机组状态监测与故障诊断系统研究

从20世纪60年代到21世纪，我国的泵站工程为输水、供水以及防洪减灾提供了有力保障。针对水泵机组的状态监测与故障诊断进行研究，建立水泵机组状态监测与诊断的软件及各分析模块与数据库，进行机组性能的预测研究，为水泵机组的状态维修提供支持。     

黄金宝树栽培技术及其在园林景观中的应用

论述了黄金宝树的特征特性,总结了其栽培技术,并提出该树种在园林景观中的置景应用模式,以期促进黄金宝树资源的保护、利用和开发。