Cotton Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on Fusion Method of Markov Random Field and Quantum Particle Swarm Cluster

[Objective] The aim of this study was to improve the cotton image segmentation accuracy in a picking robot image processing system. [Method] An image segmentation algorithm based on a fusion method of Markov random field and quantum particle swarm optimization clustering was proposed. The process of the proposed algorithm is as follows: first, transform the RGB (red, green, blue) images into grayscale; second, use it to segment these images; finally, the threshold of the connected area is set on the basis of the segmented image to obtain the target area. Then, the cotton front image and the cotton side image are selected from the images collected from different angles. The segmentation experiment was carried out by using this algorithm, and compared with the Otsu algorithm, the fuzzy C-means algorithm, the quantum particle swarm image segmentation algorithm and the Markov random field image segmentation algorithm. [Result] The results showed that the segmentation accuracy and peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm were 98.94% and 77.48 dB. When compared with the Otsu algorithm, fuzzy C-means algorithm, quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm and Markov random field algorithm, the average segmentation accuracy and peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm increased by 2.47%–4.56%, and 9.81–13.11 dB, respectively. [Conclusion] The proposed algorithm had higher segmentation accuracy and higher peak signal to noise ratio than the other algorithms tested.     

基于纳米材料的免疫层析试纸在兽药残留检测中的应用

兽药残留是食品安全的重要影响因素,开发兽药残留检测方法是保证食品安全的重要手段。免疫层析试纸是一种操作简单、生产成本低且具有良好灵敏度的检测方法,适用于现场检测、大规模食品筛选,在兽药残留检测中具有巨大的应用价值。纳米材料可提供特殊的检测信号,是影响免疫层析试纸检测灵敏度和定量分析的关键因素。文章主要对胶体金、磁性纳米材料、量子点以及时间分辨荧光微球这几种纳米标记材料进行介绍,指出各自的优缺点及应用情况,并对该技术在兽药残留检测中的应用趋势进行展望。     

温度对大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla King)幼苗叶片的光合影响

本文研究了大叶桃花心木（Swietenia macrophylla King）一年生幼苗在经过夜温处理后的光响应曲线和在饱和光强下的CO2反应曲线.结果表明:在大气CO2浓度下,叶片的最佳光合作用温度在25-31℃之间,而在饱和CO2浓度下为31-35℃.在25℃以下光合速率开始降低,主要是由于羧化效率的降低,而当温度超过31℃时,光合速率下降,是因为羧化效率的降低和呼吸速率的增加.CO2浓度对光合的促进作用在低温下受到抑制,这意味着未来在CO2浓度增高的情况下,高浓度的CO2对热带常绿植物光合的促进在冬天低温情况下表现不十分明显.图4参23.     

几种乡土树种光合生理特性研究

采用美国LI—COR公司生产的LI—6400便携式光合测定系统对几种乡土树种的光合生理特性进行了研究。结果表明:①椿叶花椒、构树、臭椿和翅荚木的光补偿点分别为45.8、40.5、36.4和17.8μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点分别为607.3、624.9、573.4和373.8μmol/(m2.s),表观量子利用效率分别为0.055 7、0.046 6、0.044 1和0.047 0;②CO2补偿点分别为91.3、77.3、83.1和81.5μmol/mol,CO2饱和点分别为1 668.2、1 077.9、1 518.1和1 251.7μmol/mol,羧化效率分别为0.071 2、0.081 9、0.087 2和0.072 7;③4个树种的光合能力为椿叶花椒>构树>臭椿>翅荚木。     

Simultaneous measurements of quantum yield and CO2 uptake for the assessment of non-assimilative electron flow in tree leaves

Using attached and detached leaves ofAcer palmatum Thunb. andRhaphiolepsis umbellata Makino, pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and CO₂ exchange were measured. Quantum yield of photosynthesis was determined from the fluorescence parameter(Fm′−Fs)/Fm′, where (Fm′−Fs) was defined as the difference between steady state chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) and maximum fluorescence (Fm′) elicited by a saturating light pulse. The rate of electron transport through photosystem II (total electron flow) was calculated from the product of quantum yield andA (PFD), whereA is the rate of absorbed photons as given by leaf absorptance, and PFD is the photon flux density at the leaf surface. The rate of electron transport dependant on CO₂ uptake (assimilative electron flow) was calculated from the gross photosynthetic rate in a leaf. The difference between the rates of total and assimilative electron transport was denoted as the rate of non-assimilative electron transport which depends on photorespiration and oxygen reduction. Available data provided quantitative information on the rate of non-assimilative electron flow in intact leaves. When leaf photosynthesis ofA. palmatum was measured under sunlight, the rates of total and assimilative electron transport were determined to be approximately 900 and 150 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h, respectively. The difference (750 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h) was attributed to the activity of non-assimilative electron flow. The ratio of total to assimilative electron flow was found to increase gradually with rising in irradiance. The results suggest that non-assimilative electron flow occurred at much higher rate than assimilative electron flow at high irradiance. Implications of the results are briefly discussed in relation to photosynthesis limitation in tree leaves.     

紫荆光合日进程及光响应

自然条件下使用LCA-4型便携式光合测定系统研究了紫荆连体叶片的光合日变化及光响应。结果表明:(1)净光合速率的日进程曲线呈“双峰”型,胞间CO2浓度的日进程基本与净光合速率相反,中午胞间CO2浓度增高,表明净光合速率午间降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。暗呼吸速率日进程为单峰曲线,中午最高。气孔阻力的日变化曲线是单谷型,午间最低。(2)一天分时段光响应试验表明,饱和光强和表观量子效率上午最高,中午最低,下午有所上升。下午的光补偿点是上午的2倍,中午则是上午的近3倍。不同时段遮光都使得气孔阻力和胞间CO2浓度升高。     

N,N′-二（对硝基苯基）-2,2-′（对苯二氧基）二乙酰胺的合成、结构及计算

以对硝基苯基氯乙酰胺和对苯二酚为原料,在丙酮溶液中反应合成了N,N′-二(对硝基苯基)-2,2-′(对苯二氧基)二乙酰胺.在室温下采用自然扩散溶剂DM F和乙醇混合溶液(1∶20,体积分数)得到了适合于X射线衍射分析的单晶体.依据晶体结构数据建立了分子结构模型,并利用量子化学半经验PM 3方法进行结构优化计算和频率分析.M u lliken电荷布居分析表明分子中醚氧原子和羰基氧原子上都带有大量负电荷,并且与分子内的氢原子之间有氢键作用.     

基于MSP430F149芯片的便携式发动机窜气量测量仪的研制

介绍了在不解体车用发动机的情况下,通过测试曲轴箱窜气量的大小,即可检测活塞环与气缸壁的磨损程度的一种专用检测仪器,并以EQ6100发动机的结构特点为例,设计了专用测试用传感器,测出了其特性曲线,用低功耗单片机MSP430作为微控制器核心,构造了该测量仪器。测试结果表明:该仪器抗扰能力强,测试精度高,测试简单、方便,为发动机故障诊断提供了依据,用户可把仪器的结构、参数稍加改动即可应用于其它类型发动机的不解体故障诊断,具有一定的通用性。     

Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition

Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_N), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield.     

等效电荷变换法及其在量子环研究中的应用

利用等效电荷变换法,把三维空间中的杂质电荷对位于X-Y平面上量子环的影响,用一个在X-Y平面上（或X轴上）的虚拟等效电荷取代,从而使计算简化,对结果的分析更加清晰,物理图像更加明确.