The effects of temperature and photoperiod on egg hatching success,egg production and population growth of the calanoid copepod,Acartia grani (Calanoida: Acartiidae)

Calanoid copepods, including species of the genus Acartia, are commonly used as larval diets for marine finfish. This study aimed to determine the separate effects of water temperature (18, 22, 24, 28° ± 0.5°C) and photoperiod (24L:0D; 18L:6D; 12L:12D; 8L:18D; 0L:24D) on Acartia grani egg production (EP), hatching rate (EHR) and population growth. Egg production rate was not affected by the two abiotic parameters. A. grani eggs incubated at T24°C and T28°C were the first to achieve 50% hatching rate (23–25 hr), with significant differences at the end of the experiment (48 hr) between T28°C treatment (EHR 88 ± 5%) and T18°C treatment (EHR 65 ± 2%). However, different temperature regimes did not affect final number of individuals in population growth experiment. Still, when eggs were excluded from data, population at lower temperatures (18°C) was mainly composed by the nauplii stage (72%), while at higher temperatures (24°C and 28°C) more than 60% of the population was composed by copepodites and adults. A. grani subjected to long‐day photoperiods had significantly lower EHR (16.7% at 24L:0D; 20.8% at 18L:6D) than at short‐day photoperiods (52.6% at 6L:18D; 50.0% at 0L:24D). In population growth experiment, eggs were the most common life stage after 12‐day culture. Lowest population number was found at constant light conditions (665.0 ± 197.1), suggesting higher metabolic rates and depletion of energy reserves in long‐day conditions. This study expanded knowledge on the biological response of A. grani to separate temperature and photoperiod regimes, and provided ground to improve the culture of this potential life feed species for hatcheries.     

Construction and evaluation of introgression lines and fine mapping of ehd8 from Jinghong common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)

Heading date is one of the most important traits in rice and regulated by multiple genes. Common wild rice is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice and harbours abundant genetic diversity. To use wild rice resource in rice breeding, a set of 154 introgression lines (ILs) covering 93% of the genome of Jinghong common wild rice was constructed in the background 'Teqing', using 208 simple sequence repeat markers evenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Among the ILs, the line JIL64 displayed late heading independent of photoperiod. Genetic analysis using the two F₂ populations crossed ''Teqing'/JIL64 and JIL64/'Teqing' revealed that late flowering was controlled by a recessive gene on chromosome 8 (designated early heading date 8, ehd8), and ehd8 was fine mapped to the 50‐kb region flanked by markers RM22221 and 64Indel4. Sequencing and qRT‐PCR demonstrated that LOC_Os08g01410 and LOC_Os08g01420 were deleted in JIL64 and may be associated with the late heading of Jinghong common wild rice. These findings lay a practical foundation for characterizing ehd8, and the ILs help to mine genes from Jinghong common wild rice.     

The effect of timing of extended photoperiod on growth and maturity of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

The influence of timing of extended photoperiods on growth and maturity of brook trout was investigated in a 112‐day experiment. The fish with mean initial weight of ~192 g were reared under four light regimes: one control group with natural ambient photoperiod and three groups exposed to an 18L:6D regime initiated at days 1, 23 or 46 of the growth trial. Light‐emitting diodes, with intensity of 250–1000 lux, depending on the distance from the light source, were used for extending light periods. There was a positive effect of prolonged day length on fish growth (p < 0.05), and a delay in gonad development and sexual maturity. Significantly higher numbers of sexually mature fish were found among controls groups, regardless of sex. Survival rate was not affected by light regime. This study demonstrated that the short‐term expansion of the photo period delayed maturation and increased the growth rate of brook trout.     

油松毛虫光照周期反应Ⅲ.临界光周数学模型的探讨

油松毛虫(De,d:olimus ta乙ulaelo:仇15 Tsai et Liu)的光照周期反应,作者等已作过报道t‘]。除了光照时间长短决定着油松毛虫幼虫是否滞育外,温度、营养以及三者间的交互作用都对油松毛虫幼虫的临界光周有着明显的影响‘)o 滞育的生态生理特性构成昆虫整个生活史的基础     

小悍蟋若虫滞育的光周期调控及其季节适应策略

就光周期对小悍蟋T a rta rog ry llusm inuscu lus若虫发育及成虫繁殖的影响进行了调查.结果表明,在30℃恒定长日(LD16 h∶8 h)条件下,小悍蟋若虫63 d内全部供试个体完成羽化,而在恒定短日(LD 12 h∶12 h)条件下,小悍蟋若虫120 d之内仍只有90%的个体完成羽化;将孵化后第7 d和第35 d的若虫自短日条件向长日条件转移,能够促进小悍蟋若虫的发育,而反方向的转移则对小悍蟋若虫的发育几乎不起影响.这表明小悍蟋若虫存在滞育现象,短日条件诱导滞育,长日条件解除滞育,并且低龄若虫对长日条件比较敏感.光周期不仅影响小悍蟋若虫发育,而且也影响成虫的繁殖.长日条件下的成虫产卵量显著多于短日条件下的成虫产卵量.但是,光周期对成虫产卵前期间无明显影响.     

Dormancy induction in container-grown Abies seedlings: Effects of environmental cues and seedling age

Twelve-week-old container-grown seedlings of noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.) and Shasta red fir (A. magnifica A. Murr. var. shastensis Lemm.), both high-elevation species, were grown under controlled environments in a study of induction of terminal-bud dormancy. Eight treatment combinations of long (15 h) or short (11 h) photoperiods, warm (25°/20°C) or cool (18°/12°C) thermoperiods, and dry (–1.2 MPa) or wet (–0.6 MPa) moisture regimes were imposed upon seedlings for 12 weeks. Treatment factors significantly affecting the induction of dormancy in terminal buds of seedlings were identified over time. The results suggest that seedlings responded dynamically to dormancy cues. The warm/dry and cool/wet combinations induced dormancy in the first 2 weeks in noble fir and in the first week in Shasta red fir. Short-day/warm and long-day/cool combinations enhanced dormancy induction in weeks 3 to 4 in noble fir and in weeks 1 to 7 in Shasta red fir. Short days and cool thermoperiods independently hastened dormancy induction in noble fir in weeks 5 through 12.     

温度和光周期对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响

本文测试了不同温度(22℃、25℃、28℃)和不同光周期(LD11:13,LD12:12,...,LD15:9)对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响。结果表明:随着温度升高,甜菜夜蛾卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都呈下降趋势,温度对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都有显著影响(P=0.000)。随着温度升高,每雌产卵量呈上升趋势,温度对每雌产卵量有显著影响(P=0.004);随着温度升高,雌虫寿命呈下降趋势,温度对雌虫寿命有显著影响(P=0.001);雄虫寿命也呈下降趋势,但温度对雄虫寿命没有显著影响(P=0.289)。在22℃、25℃、28℃条件下,在所有的光周期下,甜菜夜蛾滞育率都为0,没有光周期反应。在22℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期存在显著差异(P=0.002,P=0.011),蛹重没有显著差异(P=0.171);在25℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都无显著差异(P=0.973,P=0.069,P=0.862);在28℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期没有显著差异(P=0.207),蛹期、蛹重存在显著差异(P=0.000,P=0.006)。     

初花后短日照诱导对小豆叶片内源激素含量变化的影响

以中熟品种‘冀红9218’和晚熟品种‘唐山红小豆’为试材,在初花-初荚(EF-EP)、初荚-初粒(EP-ES)和初花-初粒(EF-ES)期进行短日照诱导,通过酶联免疫技术来研究初花后小豆叶片的内源激素含量以及之间的动态平衡。结果表明,初花后短日照诱导使小豆的株高降低,花期提前,且‘唐山红小豆’更为明显;2个品种的GA_(1+3)和ABA含量较对照呈现降低趋势,IAA含量的变化不同,‘冀红9218’在开花期、结荚期和鼓粒期的波动不大,但各个处理较对照降低,而‘唐山红小豆’在开花期和结荚期较对照降低,鼓粒期却升高,2个品种的ZR含量较对照呈现升高趋势,但‘唐山红小豆’却稍有差异,开花期降低,而在结荚期和鼓粒期较对照都升高,鼓粒期升高显著,激素含量的变化会影激素之间的动态平衡,与对照相比,2个品种的GA_(1+3)/ABA和IAA/ABA比值降低,而ZR/ABA和(ZR+GA_(1+3))/ABA比值呈现升高趋势,由激素含量及其比值之间的变化可以看出,初花后短日照诱导使ZR含量升高,促使小豆植株细胞分裂旺盛,生长迅速,营养物质快速转移至果荚中,提前成熟,但较初花前作用减弱。