海南五指山国家级自然保护区石松类和蕨类植物区系研究

五指山国家级自然保护区位于海南岛中南部腹地山区,其石松类和蕨类植物区系目前尚未系统研究。在野外调查、标本鉴定和文献整理的基础上,对其区系进行研究。结果表明,五指山石松类和蕨类植物区系由28科95属288种(及种下分类单位)组成,优势科有6科,分别为水龙骨科、凤尾蕨科、鳞毛蕨科、蹄盖蕨科、铁角蕨科、金星蕨科。该区区系地理成分复杂,其中热带性科、属、种的比例分别为100%、91.2%、84.7%,显示出该区系明显的热带性质。从种的层次来看,热带亚洲分布类型是五指山石松类和蕨类植物区系的显著成分,该区系尤其与中南半岛的石松类和蕨类区系有密切联系,此外,该区系兼有一定的东亚成分和少量的海南特有成分。与7个邻近地区的石松类和蕨类区系比较,与鹦哥岭亲缘最密切,与尖峰岭的亲缘关系次之,再次为云开山、弄岗、赣江源,而与独龙江地区、麻阳河亲缘较远。五指山自然保护区分布着珍稀的石松类和蕨类植物,9种为国家二级保护植物,4种为受威胁程度达到极危的植物。     

CRISPR/Cas9介导的MSTN/FGF5基因编辑陕北白绒山羊粪便菌群分析

为了从绒山羊粪便微生物群落变化的角度对MSTN/FGF5基因编辑陕北白羊绒山的自身健康和环境安全性进行研究,利用6种不同培养基分别对MSTN/FGF5基因编辑和野生型陕北白绒山羊粪便中的微生物进行培养、计数,并做菌群结构的显著性检验分析。结果表明:FGF5/MSTN基因编辑和野生型陕北白绒山羊F0代和F1代公羊和母羊新鲜粪样经LB琼脂、伊红美蓝琼脂、TPY琼脂、胆硫乳琼脂、肠球菌琼脂和甘露醇盐琼脂培养后微生物计数分别为,F0代:公羊6.35±0.68,5.89±0.25;5.32±0.10,5.27±0.34;6.64±0.57,6.71±0.35;5.03±0.53,5.32±0.14;4.12±0.13,4.15±0.21;5.34±0.18,5.25±0.25;母羊6.62±0.45,6.64±0.31;4.80±0.51,4.75±0.45;7.20±0.30,7.15±0.55;4.30±0.52,4.42±0.62;5.83±0.51,5.73±0.86;6.24±0.28,6.24±0.21。F1代:公羊6.92±0.12,7.08±0.04;4.02±0.64,3.99±0.51;6.32±0.15,6.25±0.30;5.21±0.28,5.17±0.20;3.66±0.50,3.88±0.67;4.06±0.50,3.97±0.46;母羊7.12±0.24,6.96±0.19;4.15±0.19,4.25±0.24;6.45±0.30,6.56±0.45;4.97±0.42,4.87±0.38;4.04±0.96,3.96±0.57;4.10±0.28,3.85±0.37。F0和F1代MSTN/FGF5基因编辑陕北白绒山羊与野生型陕北白绒山羊粪便中菌群结构之间不存在显著性差异(P0.05)。本研究为FGF5/MSTN基因编辑陕北白绒山羊的安全性评价研究提供了试验数据和研究基础。     

红碱淖国家级自然保护区种子植物多样性及区系地理分析

【目的】调查红碱淖国家级自然保护区种子植物资源,并进行区系地理分析,以探明保护区植物的分布规律,为保护区生物多样性保护提供依据。【方法】利用植物生活型和区系地理学原理,采用野外样线样方调查法,选取8条样线35个样点,对保护区的种子植物资源进行调查,结合查阅资料,对保护区种子植物生活型和植物区系特征进行分析研究。【结果】红碱淖自然保护区有野生种子植物242种,隶属于63科167属,其中裸子植物3科6属7种,被子植物60科161属235种。生活型和区系地理分析结果表明,保护区内植物可分为乔木、灌木、亚灌木、多年生草本、一年生和两年生草本等5种生活型。科的分布区类型有4种分布型和2变型,属的分布区类型有13种,其中有104属为温带分布型,占总属数的62.28%,植物区系具有明显的温带性质。保护区水生、湿生及植物种类多样,且发育良好。耐盐、耐旱植物种类较多。【结论】红碱淖自然保护区种子植物生物多样性较低,生态平衡脆弱,亟待加强保护。     

富锗酵母培养物对下笼蛋鸡肉品质、肠道菌群及结构的影响

本试验旨在研究富锗酵母培养物对下笼蛋鸡肉品质及肠道的影响。选取505日龄健康的海兰褐壳蛋鸡480只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复24只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加12、16、20 mg/kg的富锗酵母菌培养物。预试期7 d,正试期为42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,12、16、20 mg/kg组腿肉的蒸煮损失分别降低45.2%、33.6%、39.7%(P<0.01),pH均高于对照组(P<0.01);16mg/kg组腿肌的亮度(L~*)低于对照组(P<0.05);12、16、20 mg/kg组腿肌的剪切力分别比对照组低44.13%、56.07%、50.60%(P<0.01);各试验组胸肌pH均高于对照组(P<0.01),16mg/kg组的pH高于12、20mg/kg组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,16mg/kg组乳酸菌数量升高(P<0.05);空肠中,各试验组的绒毛长度高于对照组(P<0.01);16、20 mg/kg组绒毛长度/隐窝深度高于对照组(P<0.01)。结果显示,日粮中添加富锗酵母培养物可以改善下笼蛋鸡小肠的形态结构和肠道菌群平衡,提高鸡肉品质,建议添加量为16 mg/kg。     

Effects of oral administration of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on serum immunity indexes,colonic immune factors,fecal odor,and fecal flora in mice

To evaluate the effects of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on growth, immunity indexes, fecal flora, and fecal odor in mice, 40 mice were randomly allotted to four groups, and each was administrated with nothing, S. platensis, probiotics, or both for 28 days, respectively. Then, many indexes were measured. The results showed that S. platensis was more effective (P < 0.001) than probiotics in improving mice's feed conversion ration (FCR). In immunity, probiotics administration increased (P < 0.042) serum IgE, IgM, IFN-γ, colonic AHR, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression and decreased (P < 0.039) serum IL-1α, IL-21, IL-22, and colonic ARNT gene expression. However, the S. platensis showed weaker effect, which increased (P < 0.025) the serum IgE, IgM, TNF-α, and the colonic AHR and NF-κB protein expression, and decreased (P < 0.01) serum IL-21. Probiotics consumption decreased the fecal odor by decreasing (P < 0.02) fecal Escherichia coli, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and skatole contents, and the S. platensis decreased (P = 0.04) the IAA. These results indicated that oral administration of probiotics, S. platensis, or both of them in mice probably benefited body's immunity and reduced fecal odor. However, their mechanisms were still unclear and need further study.     

石灰石砂砾负载铁膜及其强化除磷效果

为研究探讨出一种成本低、适用于农村生活污水处理的人工湿地填料负载铁膜方法,通过室内小试比较了石灰石砂砾、普通河沙砂砾2种材料,以及FeCl_3溶液、FeSO_4溶液、Fe(OH)_3胶体溶液3种含铁溶液,并比较了不同的工艺条件,包括4种加液方式:载体浸泡在溶液中不捞出、浸泡2 h后捞出、浸泡1 min后立即捞出和喷淋,3种干燥方式:105℃烘干、太阳晒干和室内自然晾干;同时构建了铁膜石灰石砂砾小型人工湿地,考察了其实际运行效果。试验优选出的负载铁膜方法为:石灰石砂砾浸泡在浓度为1.5 mol·L~(-1)的FeSO_4溶液中,使石灰石砂砾与溶液充分接触1 min后捞出,再将捞出后的石灰石砂砾室内通风自然晾干。铁膜石灰石砂砾对生活污水总磷的静态吸附去除率从普通石灰石砂砾的22.7%提高到80.6%;将其应用于小型人工湿地,总磷去除率比普通石灰石砂砾湿地提高了10%～15%。     

皖北石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

通过研究皖北石灰岩山地生态系统的植被群落,分析不同植被恢复群落的组成、结构、多样性和生活型组成,进而阐明石灰岩山地生态系统植被恢复模式对群落结构特征以及植物物种多样性的影响。结果表明:研究区有54种植物,隶属26科54属。侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)+构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)人工混交林有植物种类16科26种,分别占总数的61.5%和48.1%。酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa)+牡荆(Vitex negundo var.cannabifolia)灌丛和荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)+牡荆草灌丛植物种类分别为32和33种,分别占调查总物种数的59.3%和61.1%。不同植被恢复群落生活型也有差异。侧柏+构树人工混交林群落高位芽植物占优势,而酸枣+牡荆灌丛和荩草+牡荆草灌丛则以地面芽植物所占比例较大。分析表明,多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均表现为侧柏+构树混交林>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>荩草+牡荆草灌丛,但物种丰富度表现为荩草+牡荆草灌丛>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>侧柏+构树混交林。Sörensen较高值出现在酸枣+牡荆灌丛与侧柏+构树混交林和荩草+牡荆草灌丛之间,侧柏+构树混交林与荩草+牡荆草灌丛Sörensen多样性值较低。研究结果表明,石灰岩山地独特的地貌特征和人工植被恢复对植物群落组成、多样性及其生活型组成产生重要影响。     

石灰岩山地4种林分空气细菌动态变化及其影响因素分析

为探索石灰岩山地不同林分类型中空气细菌的动态变化规律及其影响因素,筛选出抑菌效果较好的林分,选取徐州石灰岩山地4种典型林分为试验材料,采用自然沉降法研究林分中细菌含量的季节变化和日变化,同步监测温湿度、风速、PM2.5和空气负离子浓度,分析空气细菌含量及其之间的关系。试验结果表明:(1)细菌含量季节性变化表现为春季秋季夏季冬季,除冬季日变化呈现"早晚低,中午高"的变化趋势,其他季节表现为"早晚高,中午低";(2)不同林分类型空气细菌含量存在显著差异(P0.05),总体来看,苦楝林对细菌的抑制效果最好;(3)细菌含量与空气湿度和PM2.5呈极显著正相关关系,与空气负离子呈极显著的负相关关系。综上,苦楝林的抑菌效果最好,湿度、PM2.5和负离子是影响空气细菌含量的主要因素。本研究可为此地城市保健林的营建以及生态旅游规划提供科学依据。     

棉籽糖的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用

棉籽糖是植物界中分布最广泛的低聚糖之一。棉籽糖能促进双歧杆菌的增殖和调节肠道菌群平衡,还具有免疫调节、抗氧化、保肝作用等特殊生理功能。文章综述棉籽糖的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用研究进展,为棉籽糖在动物生产的应用中的进一步开发和利用提供参考。     

Effect of herbicide application on weed flora under conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe

Increased challenges of weed control in the smallholder farming sector of southern Africa have often resulted in small yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different weed control strategies on weed flora and composition under conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Zimbabwe. This study was conducted at three on-station trial sites namely Domboshawa Training Centre (DTC), University of Zimbabwe farm (UZ farm) and Henderson Research Station (HRS) in a maize–soybean rotation for four seasons from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 seasons. Hand weeding was done whenever weeds were 10 cm tall or 10 cm in circumference for weeds with a stoloniferous growth habit. Weed identification was done up to the weed species level, and the Shannon–Weiner diversity and evenness index was used to determine the response of weed flora to herbicides. Results showed that there were more weeds in the early years which decreased gradually until the final season. Weed species diversity was not affected by herbicide application and the results indicated that weed species diversity was small in CA systems. Annual weed species constituted a greater proportion of species, and species richness decreased with the duration of the study. Richardia scabra L. and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. were the most common dominant weed species at all sites and in all seasons. Moreover, herbicide application had no effect on the evenness of weeds in the plots but site characteristics had a significant effect on the distribution of weed species (weed species evenness). The results presented in this study suggest that herbicide application facilitates a depletion of weed seed bank/number of weeds over time. Thus, herbicide application in CA has potential to reduce weed density, species richness and species diversity in the long term which may lead to more labour savings and larger yields.