割离井公式反求水文地质参数的流量-时间配线法

通过分析初始水位呈水平及抽水过程中井内定水位且上部和下部无流量补给时,均质含水层中割离井渗流模型的井的出水量公式,引进仅与相对井径有关的井流函数,对出水量公式两边取对数,将流量—时间配线法引入割离井法中反求水文地质参数;其步骤与常用泰斯流量—时间配线法的步骤相似;最后用实例验证了该方法的可行性。     

用粒子群算法反求割离井公式中的水文地质参数

【目的】研究粒子群算法在反求割离井公式水文地质参数中的适用性。【方法】以待估计的水文地质参数作为变量,利用割离井公式计算观测井的理论出水量,将理论出水量与观测出水量的偏差平方和作为目标函数,从而将反求割离井公式水文地质参数问题转化为最优化问题,利用粒子群算法进行求解。【结果】实例验证表明,粒子群算法用于反求割离井公式水文地质参数,计算精度高,不受人为因素干扰,可以取得理想效果。【结论】粒子群算法是反求割离井公式水文地质参数的新方法。     

甘井子—龙头堡工程区水文地质评价探析

水文地质是影响建设工程质量的重要因素之一,水文地质评价主要是研究工程区地层分布及土质特征及工程区水化学类型等,本文通过对工程区水文地质特性的分析及地质评价,为本区域工程建设提供依据.     

An integrative method to quantify contaminant fluxes in the groundwater of urban areas

Background, Aims, and Scope  Groundwater in urban areas is often contaminated and emission sources can be located close to groundwater wells. The delineation of contaminant plumes is difficult because of the various potential emission sources. Thus, detection, quantification and remediation of contaminated sites in a city need more integrative approaches. Methods  A method has been developed which allows quantification of mass fluxes of contaminants in groundwater between control planes. Budget zones along the flow path are defined to calculate a contaminant balance and to quantitatively reveal input areas. Concentrations and water budgets are used to calculate mass balances for each contaminant. The city of Darmstadt (Germany) was chosen to evaluate the method. Results  The groundwater monitoring wells (GMWs) upstream of the city showed anthropogenically superposed background values for all naturally occurring inorganic species. The contaminant concentrations increased in the city (probably influenced by road traffic, gas stations, leaking sewers, etc.). Downstream from the city, concentrations usually decreased. Organic compounds typical for urban environments, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), locally exceeded drinking water regulations. In GMWs with high concentrations of organic contaminants in the city or downstream from industrial areas, a significant increase in Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ could be observed, in some cases coinciding with a decrease in NO₃, SO₄ and an increase in NH₄. Discussion  For typical urban contaminants, a positive budget was calculated in several zones, which shows that emissions from urban sources are reaching the groundwater. Negative budgets can be mainly explained with diving plumes and degradation. The input calculated from the individual budget zones is usually higher than the input estimated from urban emissions. Differences between the calculated and the estimated input can be explained with additional sources or (bio)degradation processes. Conclusions  It was confirmed that high concentrations of contaminants do not necessarily correlate with high fluxes. Integrative approaches can reveal areas of high contaminant mass input. The results obtained with the new method are plausible compared to the land use and the estimated urban input. The concentration pattern of Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, SO₄ and NO₃ is partly due to natural processes, triggered by the degradation of organic matter and organic contaminants. Recommendations  Since this method includes mass balances and flux calculations, avoiding an overestimation of single point contaminant concentration, it is recommended to use this approach to quantify groundwater contamination in cities. Further research is focusing on the role of urban soils as natural reservoirs for the input of contaminants.     

Safety Coal Mining Technology under Overlying Water -bearing Quicksand Stratum

含水流砂层下煤炭资源的开采是个工程难题，方法不当就可能引发淹井事故。对白音查干煤矿矿井水文地质特征进行了分析，认为对矿井开采构成威胁的水体为第四系流砂含水层。根据井田的水文地质特征和矿井涌水量预计，建议采取地面和井下联合疏放水措施，以保证煤炭的安全开采。     

Recommended urban storm water infiltration devices for different types of run-off under varying hydrogeological conditions

Background, aim, and scope  The decentralised near-natural infiltration of storm water in urban areas over a long-term period can cause local pollution of soil, seepage water and groundwater due to heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Zn, Cu), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), petroleum hydrocarbons and readily soluble salts, which compounds are partly classified as hazardous. The aim of this paper is to present a recommendation matrix for suitable storm water infiltration devices. The scope is limited to eight different run-off types and two different infiltration devices (swales and trenches with three different trench-filling materials) under two different hydrogeological conditions (high adsorbing soil with low permeability, low adsorbing soil with high permeability). The examined run-off types are sub-divided as follows: run-off from unpaved areas (gardens, grassed areas, cultivated land); green roofs, aluminium roofs; roofs without zinc gutters and down-pipes; roofs with zinc gutters and down-pipes; copper roofs; zinc roofs and trafficked areas (cycle and pedestrian ways, yards, car parks and residential roads). The recommendation matrix should assist decision-makers such as city planners, architects and private house builders. Materials and methods  The potential for storm water infiltration to pollute soil, seepage water and groundwater is investigated with long-term 3-D numerical water flow and chemical transport modelling in unsaturated and saturated zones over 50 years, which were already presented by Zimmermann et al. (Water Sci Technol 51(2):11–19, 2005). The recommendation is based on a comparison between modelling results and several guideline values prepared by several German authorities. The evaluation process leads to four hazard levels regarding the impact on topsoil (i.e. first 20 cm of the soil), on seepage water (1 m below the infiltration device) and on groundwater (at the unsaturated–saturated boundary). Results  The recommendation matrix consists of 56 individual statements. Relating to dissolved organic substances like phenanthrene and fluoranthene, the infiltration of trafficked areas run-off is critical. The infiltration of metalliferous run-off has a high hazard accumulation potential. Here the storm water infiltration via sub-ground of low permeability and high adsorbing soil material is critical for seepage water in any case; the infiltration of zinc roofs run-off via trench infiltration devices is even critical for groundwater at 4 m depth. Sub-ground of low permeability and high adsorbing soil material has a lower potential hazard in terms of storm water infiltration from roof run-off. The storm water infiltration via swales effects a very large accumulation of heavy metals in the topsoil. The storm water infiltration via trenches leads to the accumulation of hazardous substances in the deeper sub-ground, particularly where the trench-filling material has low adsorbing capacity and high permeability. Discussion  The transferability of the results to other sites depends particularly on the hydrogeological conditions. Before using the recommendation matrix, details of the hydrogeological conditions should be collected. The long-term simulation process is simplified by several impact factors such as non-constant rainfall, soils heterogeneity, macro-porous flow, particle-bounded transport and microbiological decomposition. Conclusions  Based on the scale of risks to soils, seepage water and groundwater, the matrix should be used in the selection of the roof construction materials and appropriate storm water infiltration devices so that the environmental risks can be minimised. If the sub-ground has a high permeability and low adsorption capacities, the infiltration of metalliferous roof run-off water is, in general, not advisable without putting treatment facilities in place upstream. Thus, architects need to realise that the choice of a suitable infiltration device depends, on the one hand, on the type of run-off and, on the other hand, on the hydrogeological condition and the building materials. Recommendations and perspectives  Replacement of the topsoil in swale infiltration devices is recommended because, in particular, heavy metal (zinc) in run-off from roofs with zinc gutters and down-pipes accumulates in the soil matrix. The replacement interval depends on the hydrogeological conditions and, for this run-off example, lies between 10 and 20 years. If infiltration is essential, constructing special treatment facilities upstream can be an alternative. The existing numerical model could be adapted to suit other site-specific materials and be enhanced regarding several complex impact factors.     

用于地下水位预报的参数模拟模型的研究

在对河南省商丘试区进行地下水位预报时。首先必须确定水文地质参数．但是区域水文地质参数的确定是个非常复杂的问题．利用已有的实测水位和开采量资料．运用单纯形法,来反求地下水位预报模型的逆问题,求得该区域的水文地质参数。     

用割离井公式反求水文地质参数的直线图解法

在分析割离井法井流函数性质的基础上简化了井流函数,将雅各布直线图解法引入割离井法以反求水文地质参数,并进行了实例验证。结果发现,其步骤与常用的雅各布直线图解法步骤相似,计算结果十分接近。说明该方法是可行的。     

模糊线性回归在割离井公式反演水文地质参数中的应用

【目的】研究模糊线性回归在割离井公式反演水文地质参数中的应用,为水文地质参数的反演提供新的途径。【方法】根据简化的割离井法井流函数,模糊化经典线性回归的参数,建立求解水文地质参数的模糊线性回归模型,将模糊线性回归的方法引入到割离井法反演水文地质参数中,计算得到一定置信水平下的水文地质参数范围,并通过实例计算进行了验证。【结果】实例计算表明,所建立的模糊线性回归模型具有一定的可靠性、可行性。在不同的置信水平下,参数计算结果的范围虽然有一定变化,但这种变化均很微小,表明所建立的方法具有一定的稳定性。【结论】模糊线性回归模型应用于割离井法反演水文地质参数是可行的。     

现代地下水资源数值模拟技术研究

分析了地下水资源数值模拟技术在国内外的研究现状及主要研究方法,即运用思维方法、数学工具和计算机软件等先进技术.提出了数值模拟的立足点及确定地下水系统数值模拟模型的不确定因素,指出了水资源数值模拟中存在的问题,并提出多学科模型的耦合、计算机技术的深入应用和三维数值模型的建立将为未来地下水资源数值模拟技术的发展提供更有力的帮助。