Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测中的研究进展和应用展望

电子鼻因具备操作简单、能够快速、无损检测的特点，满足人们对肉与肉制品安全指标高效和高精确度检测提出了更高的要求。本文阐述了电子鼻技术的检测原理和其在硬件和软件系统方面的发展；从肉与肉制品的新鲜度检测、掺假检测、风味评价、病原微生物污染检测四个方向，对近年来电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测的应用研究进展进行了分析，突出了电子鼻技术应用的可行性和先进性；指出电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测中面临的检测效果参差不齐，电子鼻仪器体积大、价格高昂，模型通用性和普及性不够等不足。最后，本文从硬件系统和软件系统两方面，对未来电子鼻技术的发展及其应用前景进行了展望，包括硬件系统方面提高电子鼻传感器阵列电极膜材料的性能，增强电子鼻耐用性和识别气味的灵敏度；软件系统方面不断探索引入新的模式识别算法，使电子鼻技术实现对气味更快、更准确的识别分析。     

益生菌制剂调控畜禽肠道健康与消化道微生物互作的免疫机制

益生菌制剂作为饲料添加剂,在维护畜禽机体肠道健康、菌群平衡以及营养生理方面发挥着极其重要的作用。一方面,益生菌制剂能够替代部分抗生素,为实现畜禽养殖过程中的"减抗"目标,开辟了一条优质、安全、绿色的道路;另一方面,益生菌制剂能够调控肠道生理结构和改善肠道屏障完整性,进而缓解畜禽养殖中的"亚健康"状况。本文围绕益生菌制剂的种类与作用,益生菌制剂对畜禽肠道免疫、应激、疾病的调控机制,益生菌制剂的发展前景进行阐述,为开发更多益生菌制剂的产品提供理论支撑。     

Soil quality assessments in integrated crop–livestock–forest systems: A review

Integrated crop–livestock–forest is a promising strategy to improve soil quality. It comprises four different integrated farming systems: crop–livestock, crop–forest, forest–livestock and crop–livestock–forest. This work systematically reviewed studies about integrated crop–livestock–forest systems and soil quality. A total of 92 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science—Clarivate Analytics platform, and the following information was analysed: publication year, institution, region of the studied site, type of integrated system, soil type, tillage system, maximum soil depth and the soil quality indicators assessed. Most studies were published in the second half of the 2010s. Brazil is a prominent focus of research about soil quality and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems, with significant contribution from its central and southern regions. The Embrapa was the main publishing institution, present in over one‐third of the studies. Crop–livestock was the most common integrated system, Ferralsols was the most common soil group, and most of the studied soils were clayey. No tillage was the main tillage system. Most studies focused on the topsoil, assessing physical and/or chemical soil quality indicators. More emphasis on biological indicators of soil quality is required, as well as assessments integrating biological, physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Future works should compare different integrated systems, including assessments deeper in the soil profile, especially in systems with the forest component, and also in sandy and silty soils. Soil quality indicators that have been rarely used should be further tested. Novel indicators should be added to better understand the promotion of soil quality by integrated crop–livestock–forest systems.     

广西某食蟹猴规模化养殖场饮用水和青饲料卫生质量监测

为了对广西某规模化食蟹猴养殖场饮用水和青饲料卫生质量情况进行监测,对饮用水和青饲料进行连续抽样监测,按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法》和《国家禁用和限用的农药名单》进行检测与评价。结果显示:抽取6份饮用水样检测26项理化指标,有3份不合格,超标率达50.0%,超标指标有浑浊度、肉眼可见物;抽取147份饮用水检测微生物指标,有22份超标,超标率达15.0%,超标微生物指标为细菌总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌;抽取13个品种青饲料48份检测10种禁用农药残留情况,甲胺磷、敌敌畏、乐果、氧化乐果、氰戊菊脂、多菌灵、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、三唑磷、毒死蜱检出率分别为2.1%、0、0、0、0、12.5%、2.1%、12.5%、2.1%、2.1%。说明该规模化食蟹猴养殖场饮用水存在不合格情况,青饲料检出农药残留。     

饲草作物对土壤健康与农业可持续发展的作用

饲草作物是指为增加土壤肥力,防止土壤侵蚀,累积和保护土层,增加土壤养分和含水率以及提高土壤质量而种植的植物。饲草作物为农田土壤提供了诸多益处,其还有助于增加和维持土壤中的微生物多样性。本文对多种饲草作物对土壤特性的作用,如土壤含水量、土壤微生物的活动、土壤碳固存、土壤硝态氮淋失、土壤水分和土壤健康等进行综述。饲草作物的选择通常取决于其自身对土壤的作用,其他考虑因素还包括天气条件,播种时间,是否为豆科植物以及杀灭饲草作物的时间和方法。研究表明,饲草作物也可用于减缓气候变化,抑制作物中的杂草,增加可交换的营养物质如Mg2+和K+,具有一定的经济性。另外,覆盖作物也会存在一些问题,包括杀灭覆盖作物的方法,其可能成为病原体的寄主,饲草作物的再生性以及短期收益不明显。尽管有一些局限,饲草作物仍被认为可以明显改善土壤整体健康状况,为主栽作物提供可持续的生态环境。     

食用菌内源脂肪酸的研究

食用菌富含膳食纤维、矿物质、微量元素、维生素和多种氨基酸,是多功能理想食物。尽管食用菌脂类物质含量较低,但包含人类必需的不饱和脂肪酸,如亚油酸、油酸和亚麻酸等。通过对食用菌脂类物质研究成果进行总结,尤其是不饱和脂肪酸种类、含量及其开发利用,以期为食用菌的资源开发提供参考。     

大学生吸烟现状及其干预对策分析--以民航相关专业学生为例

吸烟一直被认为对健康有害,但是吸烟人群越来越多,且呈年轻化趋势。民航相关专业学生对于从业体检要求较高,因此需要对吸烟带来的健康问题引起重视。综述了大学生吸烟现状,并以民航相关专业学生为例,分析了大学生产生吸烟行为的可能原因,并集合民航偏工科的属性,通过创新教育教法提出了干预对策。以助于减少大学生的吸烟行为,也希望引起学生对自身身体健康的重视。