Multi-element analysis of soils and sediments by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Soil and sediment reference materials were used to calibrate and evaluate an analytical method for the determination of major (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Mn, P, Ti) and trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mo, Mb, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr) by sequential wavelength X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Samples were prepared as pressed pellets and analysis was done with a total measuring time of thirty minutes per sample. Special attention was given to the selection of the thirty reference materials used for calibration of the spectrometer. Another set of eleven RM (reference materials) was analyzed for the evaluation of accuracy. Detection limits for trace elements (1-2 mg kg^-1) are adequate both for geochemical and environmental purposes, except for Cd and Sb. Accuracy for trace elements falls within the expected interval of certified or recommended values in most cases, but for some major elements, like SiO₂, some results showed discrepancies, evidencing difficulties associated with the determination of light elements in complex matrices. But when quality criteria proposed by mapping programs are applied to the results, their requirements are fulfilled. Both instrumental precision, obtained by twelve sample replicate analyses, and analytical precision, considering also sub-sampling and pellet preparation, lie between the limits of the Horwitz expression, except at concentrations close to the detection limits.     

渤海辽宁海湾地化环境与资源开发问题探讨

以１９８９－１９９０年海湾志调查的实测资料为基，研究了营城子湾、金州湾、普兰店湾、董家口湾、葫芦山湾、太平湾７个海湾的化学要素含量及分布。通过对海湾环境质量评价得出；目前已遭受磷酸盐重金属及硫化物的不同程度的污染，且诸化学要素都是在潮流水动力支配下产生迁移和扩散。最后得出营城子等诸湾地化环境现状，提出各海湾资源开发与养殖关系的几点认识。     

不同成因型母质发育土壤稀土元素的地球化学特征分析

分析了 1 7种母质发育土壤的稀土元素 (REE)的地球化学特征 ,结果表明 :(1 )基性岩浆岩母质发育土壤的稀土总丰度最高 ,红砂岩者最低 ;(2 )岩浆岩和喷出岩者的 REE科勃尔分布模式仍表现出母岩特征 ,沉积型者则相对平稳 ,但海相沉积型者变异显著 ;(3 )各类母质发育者∑ Ce/∑Y特征值达 3 .5 -4.7,∑ Ce与∑ Y分馏特征明显 ;(4 )砂页岩等 4种母质者δCe正异常 ,火山喷出岩等 3种母质者 δCe相对稳定 ,酸性岩浆岩等 1 0种母质者 δCe负异常 ;紫砂岩母质者 δEu正异常 ,页岩等 3种母质者δEu相对稳定 ,基性岩浆岩等 1 3种母质者 δEu负异常 ;(5 )逐步回归分析表明 ,∑ REE与 Ce、Sm、Dy、Lu,∑ Ce与 Pr、Sm,∑ Y与 Dy、Lu相关显著 ;(6)双重筛选逐步回归分析表明 ,∑ REE、∑ Ce与土壤 Fe2 O3相关极显著 ,∑ Y与土壤 p H值、粉砂粒、物理性粘粒相关显著 ;(7)通过 REE动态聚类分析 ,不同母质土壤可划分为基于岩性背景的三大类     

土壤中砷的来源及迁移释放影响因素研究进展

砷是一种高致癌风险的类金属,自然环境中高砷(As)含量可对人类和生态系统构成直接的健康威胁。研究自然环境中砷的来源、存在形式及影响因素有助于进一步理解环境中砷的迁移转化规律,降低人体摄入砷的风险。对文献的分析表明,铁锰氧化物矿物的还原性溶解、黄铁矿及其他硫化物矿物的氧化溶解、铝氢氧化物表面的砷还原、有机质抑制砷吸附以及Eh降低和pH升高是造成砷向环境迁移的主要原因。本文综述了环境中砷的来源及其向环境迁移的多种影响因素,分析了这些因素与砷之间的作用机制,以期为加强砷污染治理提供科学依据。     

四会沙糖桔地球化学模型及适宜种植区划研究

沙糖桔生长所需的营养元素主要来源于土壤,地质背景的不同明显影响沙糖桔的产量和品质。通过对四会沙糖桔品质、营养元素含量与土壤地球化学元素之间相关性等研究,获取影响沙糖桔生长及果实品质的根系土壤营养元素(包括MgO、CaO、S、V),从而建立沙糖桔优生地球化学模型及适宜性评价体系,并编制沙糖桔种植区划图,圈定四会沙糖桔最适宜种植范围。     

Fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau as a dust source: iron mineralogical and geochemical evidence

The Alagxa Plateau, in the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most important dust source areas in East Asia, and the widespread sandy desert in the area is important both as a reservoir and a source of eolian silty. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the most actively-growing mountain belt on earth, and has large amounts of debris, with masses of fine grained material, which were continuously mobilized and deposited in the Alagxa Plateau by rivers, forming broad alluvial fans. It is possible that the role of fluvial sediments as a source of silty dust in the Alagxa Plateau has been underestimated. In this study, we test this hypothesis by investigating the iron mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the fluvial sediments and the surface material of the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau, and comparing them with paleo-eolian dust deposits(loess) in the adjacent Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP) to investigate the possible linkages among the fluvial sediments, sandy desert and the last glacial loess of the CLP. The results show that sandy desert typically have high contents of goethite, and high ratios of goethite to hematite, similar to the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau. Based on the major element characteristics, field investigations and the results of previous studies, we found a genetic link between the silt component of the fluvial sediments and the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau with high value of Gt(goethite) and similarity of the Gt/(Hm(hematite)+Gt) ratio. But the silt component of the sandy desert main come from the adjacent fluvial sediments. The iron mineralogical characteristics(χ(magnetic susceptibility), χARM(anhysteretic susceptibility), SIRM(saturation isothermal remanent magnetization) and SIRM_(AF100 mT)(SIRM demagnetized at 100 mT)) of the CLP samples overlap with those of the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau, but there is a mismatch with the sandy desert samples. This suggests that the fluvial sediments are the source of a large amount of silty material which could be transported to the CLP. Therefore, we conclude that the fluvial sediment in the Alagxa Plateau is an important source of eolian silt, which is deposited in downwind region, and that this source has been previously underestimated.     

三万年来卤阳湖湖泊沉积物地球化学元素变化特征及其环境意义

利用荧光光谱仪、等离子发射光谱,测定关中盆地卤阳湖区沉积物(0~280cm)元素含量变化,在光释光定年与R型聚类分析基础上,探讨3万年来该区26种元素的地球化学行为特征及环境意义。结果表明:卤阳湖沉积物元素大致可分4类:第1类Si、Zr、Hf、Na,指示4.6ka B.P.后湖泊萎缩,外源沉积减少;第2类Ga、U、Sr,指示4.6ka B.P.和2.0ka B.P.前后的湖区干旱气候;第3类Cu、Hg、Mn、Mg,指示4.6ka B.P.后湖水咸度的增加;第4类Ti、Sb、Pb、V、Th、Co、Fe、Bi、Cs、Zn、Ni、Rb、Ga、K、Al,这15种元素指示湖水咸度与周边人为活动的增加。元素变化特征说明,卤阳湖在33~10.4ka B.P.之间,沉积环境稳定,全新世前期(10.4~4.6ka B.P.)湖水变淡,4.6ka B.P.后,外源沉积减少,湖水咸度升高,在2.0ka B.P.前后,湖泊干旱造成大量盐分生成,之后,虽气候转湿,但人为活动增加使湖泊快速走向衰亡。     

西拉木伦河流域地表沉积物粒度、化学元素分布特征

通过对内蒙古西拉木伦河流域沉积物的采样分析,结果表明:西拉木伦河地表沉积物的粒度组成以63~250μm粒径为主,粒度特征表现出一定的风成特点;化学组成以Si、Al为主,与上陆壳平均化学组成相比,除Si O_2、Co、As Ni、Ba、Ce等元素外,均处于不同程度的亏损;不同河段沉积物粒度参数、化学元素的分布具有一定相似性,且化学元素含量之间存在高度的相关性,均表明其具有相似的的物源;不同河段A-CN-K图解及CIA(化学蚀变指数)揭示了西拉木伦河不同河段地表物质化学风化程度均较低,处于较弱的去Na、Ca阶段。不同河段化学风化程度差异与其局地气候及地貌格局息息相关;不同地貌单元沉积物粒度组成、地球化学过程的递变规律与距河道远近、地貌、植被等因素有关;西拉木伦河平均粒径与一些元素的相关性,说明粒度和化学元素之间存在一定关系。总之,在不同空间尺度上,西拉木伦河地表沉积物理化特征的分异实质上反映了风动力和水动力的差异性分选。该研究对于构建风水两相沉积物综合判别指标等问题有着重要的意义。     

基于耕地质量成果的上海市耕地占补平衡运行机制研究

在对我国耕地占补平衡问题分析的基础上,结合占补平衡耕地质量内涵和上海市耕地质量成果应用条件分析,构建以数量平衡为前提的耕地质量占补平衡运行机制。该机制框架包括耕地质量评估和监测机制、占补平衡指标储备机制、占补平衡指标跨区使用机制和占补平衡实施经济保障机制等4个方面,以为完善耕地占补平衡制度提供依据。