绵羊和水牛实验感染大片吸虫后外周血白细胞计数的分析

对绵羊和水牛在感染大片吸虫后外周血白细胞总数计数和白细胞分类计数(嗜酸性细胞、嗜中性细胞、嗜碱性细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞)的特性进行研究。结果表明,绵羊对大片吸虫很不易感,水牛对大片吸虫很易感。未感染绵羊和水牛的白细胞总数有较大的差距,分别为5 956(±825)个细胞/mm3血液和12 657(±1 053)个细胞/mm3血液。未感染绵羊和水牛的嗜酸性细胞占白细胞总数的百分比小于5%。淋巴细胞占的比例最大,绵羊为59.5%,水牛达70.8%。感染绵羊和未感染绵羊的白细胞总数、嗜酸性细胞计数在感染过程中总体上存在显著差异,感染后绵羊的嗜酸性细胞的数量迅速升高,在感染后4周(4W P I)达到高峰。而感染水牛和未感染水牛白细胞总数差异不显著,但嗜酸性细胞存在显著差异,感染后水牛的嗜酸性细胞的数量升高缓慢,到8 W P I达到高峰。结果提示嗜酸性细胞在感染绵羊中更加有效地参与了杀灭大片吸虫。     

A Case of Feline Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Sclerosing Fibroplasia

Feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia was diagnosed in an 8-month-old Scottish fold that had a primary gastrointestinal mass involving the stomach, duodenum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Histopathologically, the most characteristic feature of this mass was granulation tissue with eosinophil infiltration and hyperplasia of sclerosing collagen fiber. Immunohistochemically, large spindle-shaped cells were positive for smooth muscle actin and vimentin. This case emphasizes the importance of feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia as a differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions such as osteosarcoma and mast cell tumor in cats.     

The effects of Strongylus vulgaris parasitism on eosinophil distribution and accumulation in equine large intestinal mucosa

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Eosinophilic granulocytes have been associated with parasite or immune-mediated diseases, but their functions in other disease processes remain unclear. Cause and timing of eosinophil migration into the equine gastrointestinal mucosa are also unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of intestinal parasitism on eosinophils in equine large intestinal mucosa. METHODS: Large intestinal mucosal samples were collected from horses and ponies (n = 16) from the general veterinary hospital population, ponies (n = 3) raised in a parasite-free environment, ponies experimentally infected with 500 infective Strongylus vulgaris larvae and treated with a proprietary anthelmintic drug (n = 14), and a similar group of ponies (n = 7) that received no anthelmintic treatment. Total eosinophil counts and eosinophil distribution in the mucosa were determined by histological examination. A mixed model analysis was performed and appropriate Bonferroni adjusted P values used for each family of comparisons. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was no difference in large intestinal mucosal eosinophil counts and eosinophil distribution between ponies infected with S. vulgaris and those raised in a parasite-free environment. Experimental infection with S. vulgaris, with or without subsequent anthelmintic treatment, did not change eosinophil counts, and counts were similar to those for horses from the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Migration of eosinophils to the equine large intestinal mucosa appears to be independent of exposure to parasites. Large intestinal mucosal eosinophils may have more functions in addition to their role in defence against parasites.     

Focal eosinophilic proctitis with associated rectal prolapse in a pony

Focal intramural nodules were palpated in the rectal wall of a 12-year-old pony mare presented for rectal prolapse. Eosinophilic proctitis was diagnosed by examination of fine needle aspirates and biopsy of the largest rectal nodule. After treatment with a course of corticosteroids, the rectal nodule and accompanying peripheral eosinophilia resolved. There was no recurrence of the condition during the follow-up period of 20 months. Focal eosinophilic proctitis appeared to be an unusual cause of tenesmus and rectal prolapse in this case.     

Eosinophils of the horse: Part II: Eosinophils in clinical diseases

Interpretation of eosinophilia in body fluids or tissues is often not straightforward. Eosinophil counts vary among clinically healthy individuals, and considerable overlap can occur between normal and affected animals in conditions such as allergic airway disease. Parasite exposure is a confounding factor when counts are increased, and in cases where very high counts and dramatic clinical signs make another disease process obvious, the underlying pathology may be uncertain and treatment difficult. Eosinophils are a component of the immune response in many diseases of the horse, but their specific role is often unknown and likely multifactorial. In helminth infections, eosinophils are assumed to be part of the normal host response to a pathogen, whereas in multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED), the predominance of eosinophils likely represents a wildly dysregulated response, or an abnormal response altogether. This distinction is still not clear for other diseases. Understanding the pathways involved in recruitment, activation or suppression of eosinophils is required for more accurate diagnostics, effective therapeutics, and successful strategies for prevention of eosinophil associated diseases. Eosinophils of the horse: Part II reviews published observations on the eosinophil in clinical diseases of the horse. The behaviour of eosinophils in three common and relatively well-studied conditions is presented first, including gastrointestinal helminth infections, non-infectious respiratory disease, and insect bite hypersensitivity. The less common eosinophil-associated diseases such as eosinophilic disease confined to the intestine (EDCI) and MEED are considered, followed by a brief summary of the eosinophil in phycomycosis and neoplasia. In conclusion, a panoramic view of the equine eosinophil as presented in Parts I and II is placed in the larger context of current eosinophil research, and areas of study are identified that may improve our understanding of eosinophil biology in equine health and clinical disease.     

Immune cell kinetics in the ovine abomasal mucosa following hyperimmunization and challenge with Haemonchus contortus

Sheep were sensitized by repeated infection with Haemonchus contortus L3, followed by a 12 week rest period, and an abomasal cannula was surgically implanted in all sheep. Seven of the sensitized sheep were subsequently challenged with 50 000 H. contortus L3 while 4 control sheep were challenged with saline. Biopsy samples were taken using a fibreoptic endoscope on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 28 after challenge and leukocyte subpopulations quantified by (immuno)histology. Differential blood cell counts were performed on the same days. At the end of the trial, sheep showed significantly reduced worm burdens compared to unsensitized control sheep, confirming their resistance status. Both blood and tissue eosinophils, as well as tissue γδ TCR⁺ cells were rapidly elevated by day 1 post L3 challenge (pc), peaking at day 3 pc. There was a slight increase in tissue CD4 T cells at day 2 pc, peaking at day 3 pc while no significant changes in CD8 T cells were observed. B cells (CD45R⁺) increased later into challenged tissues with a peak at 5 days pc. All tissue lymphocyte subpopulations as well as tissue and blood eosinophils were reduced by day 7 pc before increasing again at day 28 pc, suggesting separate responses to larval and adult antigens. In contrast, globule leukocytes and mucosal mast cells only showed one peak at day 5 pc and 28 pc, respectively. Unexpectedly, globule leukocytes correlated significantly with tissue eosinophils but not mucosal mast cells. The results are consistent with an early eosinophil-mediated killing of L3, possibly recruited by IL-5 produced by γδ T cells. In contrast to post-mortem studies, abomasal cannulation allowed sequential analysis of both early and late time points in the same animal, providing a more complete picture of cellular interactions at both peripheral and local sites, and their correlation with the different stages of parasite development.     

Eosinophils of the horse: Part I: Development,distribution, structure and biochemical mediators

Eosinophils are becoming the target of increasing research interest as recent studies suggest that their role in immune homoeostasis and the immune response to disease is far more complex than previously understood. Historically, the horse eosinophil has been used to study basic eosinophil biology because of the considerable volume of blood required to obtain enough viable cells for reliable, repeatable experiments. This resulted in a large but disseminated body of literature pertaining to the structure and function of the horse eosinophil. More recently, equine clinicians have produced case reports and clinical studies in an effort to define the role of the eosinophil in diseases of the horse. A thorough review of the equine eosinophil incorporating both bench research and clinical reports does not exist. The objective of this two-part review is to fill this need by integrating the basic science and clinical research into a comprehensive body of work on what is known specifically about the horse eosinophil, and its role in equine health and disease. Part I summarises the development and tissue distribution of eosinophils in the normal horse, and presents what is known about the cell structure, migration and biochemical mediators of the horse eosinophil. Part II reviews the role of the eosinophil in diseases of the horse, and concludes with a summary of knowledge gaps and open research questions to benefit both those who wish to use the equine eosinophil as a model for basic science research, and those whose primary interest lies with diseases of horse.     

Idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in a Dutch Warmblood gelding

An increased content of eosinophils in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and eosinophilic infiltration of brain tissue are observed in eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (EME). After exclusion of various infectious diseases and further known causes of EME in other species, the diagnosis idiopathic EME was made at necropsy in the case reported here. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of idiopathic EME in a horse similar to the disorder occurring in dogs.     

A quantitative trait locus for faecal worm egg and blood eosinophil counts on chromosome 23 in Australian goats

Three microsatellite markers on goat chromosome 23 adjacent to the MHC were used to test for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting faecal worm egg count (WEC) and leukocyte traits in ten Australian Angora and twelve Australian Cashmere half‐sib families (n = 16–57 per family). Data were collected from 280 Angora and 347 Cashmere kids over a 3‐ and 4‐year period. A putative QTL affecting trichostrongyle WEC was found in two small families at the 5% chromosome‐wise threshold level. The biggest QTL effect for WEC of 1.65 standard deviations (σ_p) was found within the region of OarCP73‐BM1258. A significant QTL affecting blood eosinophil counts at the 1% chromosome–wise threshold level was detected at marker BM1258 (at 26 cM) in two Angora and Cashmere families. The magnitude of the putative QTL was 0.69 and 0.85 σ_p in Angora and Cashmere families, respectively. Due to the comparatively low power of the study these findings should be viewed as indicative rather than definitive.