复式断面明渠分析解应用研究

复式断面明渠中,二次流对水流特性具有重要的影响.现有复式断面横向速度分布的分析解模型中,对二次流的表示有多种形式.针对其中两种常用的考虑二次流影响的分析解模型在梯形明渠中的应用,采用FCF(Flood Channel Facility)的实验数据对模型进行了检验,结果表明两种模型各有利弊,具体应用中需根据实际情况进行选...     

基于参数优化的最小二乘支持向量机触电电流检测方法

针对如何从低压电网总泄漏电流中检测出生物体触电电流信号的难题,提出了一种基于网格搜索和交叉验证的最小二乘支持向量机的触电电流信号检测方法。首先在剩余电流动作保护装置触电物理试验系统平台上通过故障录波器获得生物体在3个典型时刻(电源电压最大时刻、电源电压过零时刻及电源电压任意时刻)发生触电过程的总泄漏电流和触电电流波形,并截取触电前1个周期和触电后3个周期共800个采样点的信号数据作为触电试验样本数据;然后将触电试验样本数据进行滤波预处理,预处理后的多个样本采样点的总泄漏电流组合成特征向量输入最小二乘支持向量机(least square-support vector machine,LS-SVM),相应样本采样点的触电电流作为其输出,并通过网格搜索与交叉验证相结合的方法来优化最小二乘支持向量机参数,利用输出最优参数组合对触电电流与总泄漏电流的关系进行训练,从而建立了触电电流的检测模型;最后利用该方法对10组测试样本数据进行了检测,检测结果为:当训练样本数据为20组时,检测均方误差为14.0040,当训练样本数据为40组时,检测均方误差为11.7469,当训练试验数据为65组时,检测均方误差为11.1849。与径向基(radial basis function,RBF)神经网络方法相比,最小二乘支持向量机方法比径向基神经网络方法检测均方误差分别低3.7272、1.9132、0.1556,从而可较准确地从总泄漏电流中检测出生物体触电电流信号,为开发新一代基于生物体触电电流分量而动作的自适应型剩余电流保护装置提供理论依据。     

基于有限脉冲反应和径向基神经网络的触电信号识别

针对农村低压电网剩余电流保护与动作技术中,如何检测总泄漏电流中人体触电支路电流的难题,该文利用严格线性相位与任意幅度特性的FIR（finite impulse response）数字滤波技术和具有自适应性与最佳逼近特性的RBF（radial basis function）神经网络有机结合,提出一种基于FIR数字滤波的RBF神经网络作为触电电流信号的检测方法。首先,采用FIR数字滤波器选定合适的窗函数和滤波阶数,对触电试验获得的总泄漏电流及触电电流进行滤波预处理;然后,将预处理后的信号波形作为样本集,选定适合的RBF函数,建立从总泄漏电流中提取触电电流波形的3层RBF神经网络模型。仿真试验结果表明：该方法速度快且稳定,检测值与实际值的平均相对误差为3.76%,具有良好的适应性和实用性,对于研制新一代剩余电流保护动作装置具有重要意义。     

Adverse Effect of Antifouling Compounds on the Reproductive Mechanisms of the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis

Fertilization and embryo development that occur in sea water are sensitive to xenobiotics from anthropogenic sources. In this work, we evaluated the influence of two antifouling biocides, tributyltin (TBT) and diuron, on the reproductive mechanisms of the marine invertebrate Ciona intestinalis. By using electrophysiological techniques, we examined the impact of these compounds on the electrical properties of the mature oocytes and of events occurring at fertilization. With different toxicity assays, we studied the effect of the two biocides on the gametes by evaluating fertilization rate and embryo development. Results show that sodium (Na⁺) currents were significantly reduced by either of the two biocides, whereas conductance was significantly increased. The fertilization current frequency and amplitude, fertilization rate and larval development were affected only by TBT. This study suggests that: (i) the two biocides affect either the electrical properties of the oocyte plasma membrane and the reproductive success representing a risk factor for the survival of the species exposed to environmental pollution; (ii) the ascidian Ciona intestinalis may represent a good model organism to test toxicity of marine pollutants. Possible mechanisms of action of the two biocides are discussed.     

Eulerian views of layered water currents, vertical distribution of some larval fishes, and inferred advective transport over the continental shelf off North Carolina, USA, in winter

Currents that effect the shoreward transport of the larvae of estuarine-dependent fishes spawned in winter in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA, were driven by winds and pressure gradients, and influenced by the Gulf Stream. Aside from storms, winds over the continental shelf in Onslow Bay blew predominantly alongshore with velocities approaching 14 m s^-1 during February and March 1986, and January and February 1989. Water masses and currents observed at two current-meter moorings, one at mid-shelf and the other on the outer shelf, reflected the onshore (or offshore) advection of interior water in compensation for the offshore (or onshore) advection of wind-driven surface water. Winds and currents reversed direction approximately every 4 to 6 days. The larvae of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus , spot, Leiostomus xan- thurus, and Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus , were most abundant in 17–19^oC and 20–21^oC water of the outer shelf and Gulf Stream fronts. There was little indication of diel vertical migration; larval Atlantic menhaden were most abundant in mid- and surface water, while spot and Atlantic croaker were most abundant in mid- and deep water. Given this distribution, the inferred advective transport of larvae was at times onshore, but at other times it was offshore. Within a spawning season, the prevalence of either reciprocation could determine the number of larvae that reach coastal inlets.     

Computer simulations of homeward-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon: is compass orientation a sufficient direction-finding mechanism in the north-east Pacific Ocean?

Computer simulations were used to investigate whether compass orientation is a sufficient guidance mechanism for sockeye salmon migrating to the Fraser River from their ocean foraging grounds in the north-east Pacific Ocean. Daily surface ocean currents, simulated by the ocean surface current simulations (OSCURS) model, were used to test the influence of currents on the return oceanic migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon. High seas tagging and coastal recover data of Fraser River sockeye salmon were used for the migration simulations. Surface currents were shown to increase the speed of the homeward-migrating sockeye salmon, as well as to deflect the fish in a north-eastward direction. In spite of ocean currents, all Fraser River sockeye salmon were able to reach their destination with a fixed direction and bioenergetically efficient swimming speed when migration was delayed until the last month at sea. Compass orientation alone was shown to be a sufficient direction-finding mechanism for Fraser River sockeye salmon.     

Biophysical dynamics of western transition zones: a preliminary synthesis

The nature of the western portions of the biogeographic temperate or transition zones in the North Pacific and North Atlantic is reviewed. The physical transport of nutrients and biomass into them from the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream as well as from the poleward sides are estimated. The conclusion is that the upwelling in the two western boundary currents makes the largest contribution to the nutrient and biomass fluxes into these transition zones. A conservative estimate of the amount of upwelled fluid is derived from absolute velocity sections in the Gulf Stream. The estimate suggests that upwelling into the euphotic zone exceeds 2 × 10⁶ m³ s^–1. This implies that upwelling in these western boundary currents matches or exceeds that in eastern boundary currents such as the California Current. The two western boundary regimes have very different poleward situations. The Oyashio extension flows parallel to the Kuroshio and is a deep current. The North Atlantic Shelf Front flow is to the west where it is ultimately entrained into the edge of the Gulf Stream. There does not seem to be any tendency for this to occur in the Kuroshio. Despite these differences in the northern and western boundaries, the two transition zones are similar with large amplitude meanders, anticyclonic rings and streamers dominating their physical structure. The physical features responsible for the transfer of materials from the boundary current extensions into the transition zones are similar in both systems. Ring formation contributes only ? 10% of the transfer, while ring‐induced streamers contribute 30%. The rest of the transport is contributed by branching of the boundary current front. Both currents have well developed secondary fronts consisting of subtropical surface water pulled into the transition zone. Biologically, the upwelling in both western boundary currents leads to a biomass maximum along the boundary in both secondary producers (copepods) and in small pelagic fish. In the Kuroshio, the latter are the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, that spawn in the Kuroshio and then enter the transition zone for the summer and fall months. In the Gulf Stream, the dominate species are menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus and B. smithi. These species make use of the coastal environments of North America and although the adults spawn in the Gulf Stream, they are not thought to play a major role in the Slope Water, transition zone. The similar differences in the use of the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream ecosystems occurs in the behaviour of bluefin tuna, squid and other large pelagics. The Gulf Stream system also lacks an equivalent to Pacific saury, Cololabis saira. The biology therefore is at least subtly different, with saury and sardines being replaced by mid‐water fish in the North Atlantic. A fuller comparison of the biology with quantitative methods in both systems should be encouraged.     

Calcium currents and exocytosis in single isolated pars intermedia cells from tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

The role of calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium ion channels in the exocytotic response of single isolated pars intermedia cells from the teleost tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was investigated by means of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and high resolution electrical measurements. Calcium currents differed from barium currents in several ways: the peak I_Ca was smaller, the current-voltage relationship for calcium attained its maximum at +10 mV instead of 0 mV, and the inward calcium current inactivated more rapidly. Electron micrographs showed that pars intermedia cells possess dense, encored vesicles with an average diameter of 140 nm. Influx of calcium resulted in an increased cell membrane capacitance (C_m) after the depolarizing period, indicating a fast exocytotic response. Comparison with late recordings revealed the presence of a transient in C_m, presumably attributable to movement of ion channel gates. The average increase in C_m was 13.4 fF, suggesting the fusion of at least 23 vesicles with the plasma membrane during the depolarizing pulse. In contrast to calcium, barium did not support significant exocytosis. We conclude that calcium entry through voltage-dependent calcium channels rapidly leads to the exocytosis of secretory vesicles from tilapia pars intermedia cells.     

基于局部均值分解的触电故障信号瞬时参数提取

针对如何快速、准确地提取生物体触电故障暂态信号中的电力参数问题,提出了一种基于局部均值分解（local mean decomposition, LMD）的生物体触电时总泄漏电流信号瞬时参数提取方法,该方法首先利用局部均值分解将生物体触电时的总泄漏电流信号分解为一组乘积函数分量之和,每个乘积函数（product function, PF）分量可以表示为一个调幅信号和一个调频信号的乘积,然后由调幅信号和调频信号分别计算得到信号的瞬时幅值和瞬时频率。与采用希尔伯特黄变换方法相比,LMD具有瞬时频率曲线波动小和瞬时幅值函数端部失真小等优点。仿真信号分析结果表明：对测试信号进行LMD和经验模态分解（empirical mode decomposition, EMD）分解分别得到3个PF分量和5个IMF（intrinsic mode function）分量,分解前后信号的能量变化值分别为0.2851、0.5633,且LMD比EMD所需分解时间短0.0743s,与Hilbert变换相比,该文方法计算的瞬时幅值和瞬时频率更为平滑,在一定程度上避免了Hilbert 变换计算过程中的负频率和端点效应现象。试验信号分析结果表明：对消噪后的总泄漏电流信号进行LMD和EMD分解,分别得到5和6个分量,分解前后信号的能量变化值各为0.5574、0.8896,所用分解时间分别为0.0835、0.2479 s;在求取瞬时频率方面,LMD方法求取的主导分量瞬时频率可判定生物体触电时刻,而经Hilbert变换求取的瞬时频率不仅无法判定生物体触电时刻,还出现了负的频率值,无法解释其物理意义;在求取瞬时幅值方面,该文方法与Hilbert变换求取的触电前总泄漏电流信号的瞬时幅值的平均值分别为11.3240、12.3728 mA,与原生物体无触电时总泄漏电流的幅值11.3538 mA的绝对误差分别为0.0298、1.0190 mA,另外,2种方法求取的生物体触电后总泄漏电流信号的瞬时幅值与原生物体触电后总泄漏电流的幅值的绝对误差分别为0.4340、0.6643 mA。因此,仿真信号和试验信号分析结果均证明所提方法是有效和可行的。