多疣狭口蛙的两性异形

测量和比较采自昆明东北郊的131只成年多疣狭口蛙K a lou la verrucosa标本(72♂59♀),同时野外观察雌雄蛙的伏卧姿势、运动方式和繁殖行为.成年雌雄蛙的体长、吻长、鼓膜直径、内突长、前臂宽、后肢全长和足长7个形态特征差异显著.对与体长相关的前臂宽、后肢全长和足长进一步回归分析表明,雄蛙前臂宽随体长的增长速率显著大于雌蛙,雌蛙后肢全长和足长随体长的增长速率显著大于雄蛙.雄蛙的前臂宽、后肢全长和足长均大于相同体长雌蛙的前臂宽、后肢全长和足长.繁殖期雄蛙前肢内侧及胸腹部布满分泌物,雌蛙无.雄蛙为2/3蹼,雌蛙约为1/3蹼.雄蛙具单咽外声囊,雌蛙无.雄蛙肛部疣粒大而光滑,雌蛙肛部疣粒细长而尖.     

湖南借母溪自然保护区两栖动物区系研究

报道了借母溪自然保护区两栖动物资源和区系特征的调查结果。已知有2目8科25种。广布种5种，古北界种1种，东洋界19种。进而进行区系分析和多样性分析。     

浙江重点两栖动物种群数量研究

采用系统抽样技术和样带法及标记重捕法,对浙江7个重点两栖动物的种群数量进行了研究.初步查清了这7个两栖动物的分布区范围、种群出现密度和种群数量,分别为:中华大蟾蜍,全省分布,32.06只/km2,326.37×104只;黑眶蟾蜍,浙南分布,9.68只/km2,28.50×104只;沼蛙,浙南分布,36.25只/km2,106.75×104只;黑斑蛙,全省分布,121.61只/km2,1237.99×104只;棘胸蛙,全省大陆分布,4.35只/km2,43.44×104只;虎纹蛙,全省分布,5.40只/km2,54.97×104只;镇海棘螈,仅分布于宁波市北仑区,9.87条/km2,共有成体592条.进而对种群资源现状进行了评价.     

长青自然保护区两栖动物资源调查

于2012-2014年,采用样线调查的方法,对长青自然保护区内两栖类动物进行调查。结果表明院长青自然保护区有两栖类动物13种,分属2目6科7属;保护两栖类动物的关键是保护好其栖息地。     

Is the decline of birds and amphibians in a steppe lake of northern Patagonia a consequence of limnological changes following fish introduction?

• 1. Laguna Blanca, in Laguna Blanca National Park, is a lake in Patagonia which has been designated as a Ramsar site since 1971 because of bird diversity and abundance and importance for nesting, particularly for the black neck swan, Cygnus melanocoryphus. It is also valued for its populations of endemic amphibians, Atelognathus patagonicus and Atelognathus praebasalticus.
• 2. Avian and amphibian populations have decreased dramatically in recent years. Percichthys colhuapiensis, Percichthys trucha (Pisces, Percichthyidae), Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Pisces, Salmonidae) were introduced into Laguna Blanca in 1965. Since 1986, no Atelognathus frogs have been found. The abundance of swans and coots, which are strongly associated with macrophytes for nesting and feeding, has diminished drastically, whereas piscivorous birds have increased.
• 3. The fishless condition of some neighbouring small lakes with abundant pond weeds, aquatic birds and endemic amphibians, was assessed in order to compare the physical and chemical characteristics and the quantitative composition of the benthos among lakes. Fish presence at Laguna Blanca and its absence at El Burro, Antiñir and Jabón lakes, were confirmed. Compared with previous results, it seems that the abundance of Amphipoda (Hyalella), Copepoda and Cladocera at Laguna Blanca has decreased, while Acari has increased and Notostraca has disappeared. Water transparency has diminished in Laguna Blanca and now is lower than that of fishless lakes.
• 4. P. colhuapiensis were captured only in Laguna Blanca, with the highest captures in the littoral zone. The population shows rapid individual growth in the early years and an absence of fish older than 6 years. The preponderance of benthos and the presence of macrophytes in the gut contents of adult P. colhuapiensis appear to indicate that they are important consumers of these resources.
• 5. This paper concludes that fish introduction in Laguna Blanca led to a complex trophic cascade effect (fish predation on tadpoles, fish competition for avian food, bottom disturbance, zooplankton reduction) producing deleterious effects on the amphibian and bird populations.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thyroid Hormone-disrupting Effects and the Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay

There are continued concerns about endocrine-disrupting chemical effects, and appropriate vertebrate models for assessment of risk are a high priority. Frog tadpoles are very sensitive to environmental substances because of their habitat and the complex processes of metamorphosis regulated by the endocrine system, mainly thyroid hormones. During metamorphosis, marked alteration in hormonal factors occurs, as well as dramatic structural and functional changes in larval tissues. There are a variety of mechanisms determining thyroid hormone balance or disruption directly or indirectly. Direct-acting agents can cause changes in thyroxine synthesis and/or secretion in thyroid through effects on peroxidases, thyroidal iodide uptake, deiodinase, and proteolysis. At the same time, indirect action may result from biochemical processes such as sulfation, deiodination and glucuronidation. Because their potential to disrupt thyroid hormones has been identified as an important consideration for the regulation of chemicals, the OECD and the EPA have each established guidelines that make use of larval African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) and frog metamorphosis for screening and testing of potential endocrine disrupters. The guidelines are based on evaluation of alteration in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. One of the primary endpoints is thyroid gland histopathology. Others are mortality, developmental stage, hind limb length, snout-vent length and wet body weight. Regarding histopathological features, the guidelines include core criteria and additional qualitative parameters along with grading. Taking into account the difficulties in evaluating amphibian thyroid glands, which change continuously throughout metamorphosis, histopathological examination has been shown to be a very sensitive approach.     

两栖类早期发育的基因调控

在两栖类受精卵的植物极附近的皮 层下区有一种特殊的细胞质,称为生殖质,卵 裂后凡是含有这种生殖质的卵裂球就是原生 殖细胞,后者在不同动力的作用下以一定方 式进行迁移,最终形成生殖细胞。基因与个 体发育有复杂的关系,据近40年的生物化学 和遗传学的研究证实,基因不直接控制性状 发育,而是控制生化过程,从而影响到个体发 育和分化。文章从基因表达时的不同作用水 平对两栖类早期发育的基因调控进行了综 述,并且阐述了参与发育的基因家族的作用 方式与功能。     

广东古田省级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查

为掌握广东古田省级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源现状,促进自然保护区的有效管理和建设,本研究于2011年3～10月对广东古田省级自然保护区的两栖爬行动物资源进行了初步调查,发现两栖爬行动物共52种,隶属于3目13科.其中两栖纲1目4科14种,爬行纲2目9科38种.该保护区两栖爬行动物地理区划属于东洋界华南区闽广沿海亚区,区系组成以东洋界华中区与华南区共有种为主,达41种(占总物种数的78.85％).调查发现1种广东省两栖类动物新记录——长肢林蛙,发现外来入侵物种红耳龟、牛蛙和孟加拉巨蜥.并就保护区两栖爬行动物资源的保护与管理工作提出了建议.     

The Impact of Hardwood Line-Planting on Tree and Amphibian Diversity in a Secondary Subtropical Wet Forest of Southeast Puerto Rico

The impact on tree and amphibian diversity of line-planting of tropical hardwoods—mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla × S. mahagoni) and mahoe (Hibiscus elatus)—was studied in a secondary subtropical wet forest of Puerto Rico. Common coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui) and melodious coqui (E. wightmanae) are the most frequent frog species; forest coqui (E. portoricensis) is less abundant. Although relative abundance means were slightly greater in the undisturbed forest and during the wet season, differences were not statistically significant suggesting that line-planting did not significantly affect amphibian diversity. The line-planted areas had a slightly higher, but not statistically significant diversity, richness, and evenness of tree species than the unplanted forest. Multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) showed statistically significant community composition differences between line-planting and control plot trees (T = ?5.89, A = .86; p < .001). But mean similarity among plots in both the line-planted and control plots was relatively low at less than 50% of shared species, indicating high diversity of vegetation in the overall forest area. Canopy cover by tree species greater than 3 cm in dbh was much higher in the undisturbed forest but this difference may be reduced as the young line-planted hardwoods mature. Forest enrichment through line-planting of valuable timber species in secondary subtropical wet forest does not significantly affect tree diversity.