Fate of heavy metals in a strongly acidic shooting‐range soil: small‐scale metal distribution and its relation to preferential water flow

To assess the mobility of Pb and associated metals in a highly contaminated shooting range soil (Losone, Ticino, Switzerland), we investigated the spatial distribution of the metals and their relation to preferential water flow paths. A 2.2 m² plot located 40 m behind the stop butt was irrigated with a solution containing bromide and Brilliant Blue, a slightly sorbing dye. A soil profile 50 cm in width was sampled down to 80 cm with a spatial resolution of 2.5 cm, resulting in 626 samples. Concentrations of elements (12 ≤ Z ≤ 92) were determined by energy‐dispersive Xray fluorescence spectrometry, and Brilliant Blue concentrations were determined with a chromameter. In the acidic (pH 3), organic matter‐rich, well drained Dystric Cambisol, maximum concentrations of 80.9 g kg^‐1 Pb, 4.0 g kg^‐1 Sb, and 0.55 g kg^‐1 Cu were measured in the topsoil. Within 40 cm soil depth, however, Pb, Sb, and Cu approached background concentrations of 23 mg kg^‐1, 0.4 mg kg^‐1, and 9.4 mg kg^‐1, respectively. The even horizontal distribution and the steep gradient along soil depth indicate tight metal binding in the topsoil, and a fairly homogeneous transport front. In contrast, water flow through the profile was highly heterogeneous. In the uppermost 20 cm, preferential flow was initiated by heterogeneous infiltration at the soil surface, but had no influence on metal distribution. Below 20 cm, however, preferential flow originated from larger tree roots, and metal concentrations were significantly elevated along these macropores. Spatial distributions of Pb, Sb, and Cu were similar, suggesting that all three metals are strongly retained in the topsoil and transported along preferential water flow paths in the subsoil.     

Sb(V)在三种矿物表面的吸附行为

用研究了蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同的pH与离子强度的介质条件下对Sb(V)的吸附及解吸行为。3种矿物对Sb(V)的吸附能力差别较大,蒙脱土的吸附量远大于针铁矿和高岭土,针铁矿与高岭土的吸附能力相近。pH对Sb(V)在3种矿物表面的吸附行为影响显著。随pH的升高,Sb(V)的吸附均减弱。吸附在高岭土表面的Sb(V)易解吸,而针铁矿和蒙脱土表面的Sb(V)不易解吸。随离子强度升高,高岭土对Sb(V)的吸附减弱;离子强度对Sb(V)在针铁矿和蒙脱土表面吸附的影响较小。     

富铝性湿润富铁土中锑对小白菜的生理响应特性以及土壤酶活性的影响

High concentrations of antimony(Sb) in soils and vegetables can cause potential health risk. However, the effect of Sb on the growth and response of crops are not well known and to date, there is still no Sb limit standard for Allitic Udic Ferrisols in China. In this study, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of antimony(Sb) on biomass, physiological performances,and macro- and micronutrient element concentrations of green Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.), as well as enzyme activities,in Allitic Udic Ferrisols from Hunan Province, China. Antimony was supplied at rates of 0(control), 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg kg-1and thus with the background value of 1.0 mg kg-1, the Sb concentrations in the treated soil samples were 1, 3, 6, 11 21, and 51 mg kg-1, respectively. The results showed the leaf biomass and ascorbic acid content of cabbage significantly(P < 0.05) decreased by 30.6% and 48.3%, respectively, and soil urease and dehydrogenase activities also significantly(P < 0.05) decreased by 33.6%and 32.5%, respectively, when soil Sb concentration was 21 mg kg-1as compared with the control. The uptake of essential nutrient elements such as Mg, Cu, and Zn by cabbage was obviously affected, while the leaf soluble sugar content slightly changed when the soil Sb concentration exceeded 21 mg kg-1. Based on cabbage physiological responses and soil enzyme activities, the permissible concentration of 21 mg kg-1for Sb in Allitic Udic Ferrisols should be recommended.     

基于不同空间插值的污染场地土壤锑修复范围预测研究

以污染场地土壤锑超标地层为研究对象，结合土壤每层锑含量的分布特点，分析和比较了克里格插值模型(OK、UK)、反距离插值(IDW)、泰森多边形(TIN)和分区预测模型(OK+TIN)对不同深度土壤锑修复范围及预测精度的差异。结果表明：各方法确定的0 ~ 1 m地层修复面积大小顺序为IDW>OK=UK> TIN >OK+TIN，修复面积依次为74 154、57 427、37 338、32 707 m²；各方法确定的1 ~ 3.8 m地层修复面积大小顺序为IDW>UK>TIN>OK+TIN>OK，修复面积依次为13 089、11 030、9 660、2 183、1 231 m²，克里格插值带来的平滑作用导致超标范围的遗漏和未超标区域纳入修复范围。在受成本和污染物空间分布制约的情况下，TIN方法从几何原理的角度可以较为准确地反映不同深度土壤锑的修复范围；克里格插值(包括OK+TIN方法)和反距离插值受数据分布假设的约束，平滑效应明显，估计精度受限。     

铁锰改性海泡石的表征及其对锑污染土壤的修复效果

在对天然海泡石进行铁锰改性并表征的基础上，通过盆栽试验，设3个分别添加0.5%、1.0%和2.5%天然海泡石的处理，3个分别添加0.5%、1.0%和2.5%铁锰改性海泡石的处理和1个空白对照(CK)，共7个处理，探究天然海泡石和铁锰改性海泡石对土壤pH、锑(Sb)的形态及Sb在土壤–小白菜中迁移规律的影响。结果表明：海泡石经铁锰改性后呈现孔洞状结构，比表面积增加18.11%,Fe、Mn质量百分比大幅增加，且Fe、Mn以非晶体形式存在；与CK相比，添加天然和铁锰改性海泡石均提高了土壤pH，其中添加2.5%铁锰改性海泡石的影响最大；添加铁锰改性海泡石增加了土壤晶型铁铝结合态Sb和残渣态Sb的百分比，降低土壤非专性吸附态Sb和专性吸附态Sb、无定形铁锰氧化物和非晶型铁铝结合态Sb的百分比，与添加天然海泡石相比，添加铁锰改性海泡石后的土壤非专性吸附态Sb百分比下降了2.48%～43.31%；添加天然和铁锰改性海泡石后，土壤Sb迁移受阻，能显著降低小白菜各部位Sb质量分数和富集系数，根和茎叶Sb的质量分数分别下降6.83%～44.26%、19.51%～59.23%，其中，添加2.5%铁锰改性海泡...