人民公社阶段的农地产权制度变迁及其绩效

研究人民公社阶段的农地产权制度变迁与绩效，是为了分析人民公社制度得以长期维持的原因，以期为新时期农村经济体制改革提供启示与借鉴。文章在相关文献资料的基础上，采用实证描述与规范研究分析方法，探讨人民公社阶段的农地产权制度的演进、特征、变迁的原因、内在缺陷以及制度绩效，研究表明，人民公社阶段农地产权严重残缺、缺少激励机制、组织管理费用高昂，这种制度安排实际上一开始就处于非均衡状态，依靠国家主流的意识形态和超经济强制来维持，致使人民公社阶段农地产权制度效率低下。改革开放后，中国社会政治和意识形态方面的约束放松，获取存在于人民公社制度之外的巨大外部利润，推动了农地产权制度创新。     

地木耳提取物对几种常见微生物的抑菌研究

采用滤纸扩散法研究了地木耳提取物对五种常见微生物的抑菌作用,以及温度、pH值、紫外光等因素对其抑菌活性的影响。结果表明:地木耳提取物对大肠杆菌、啤酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌和粘质沙雷细菌五种常见微生物具有较好的抑制作用,其最小抑菌质量浓度为1.5~1 mg/mL,但与常用防腐剂柠檬酸的抑菌效果相比较差一些;地木耳提取物分别在121℃高温、紫外光照射5~25 min以及pH5.5~7.5的条件下,对大肠杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌仍具有较好的抑菌效果。     

室内培养发菜的营养条件和腐烂分析

[目的]探索合适室内培养发菜的营养条件和菜腐烂的原因,有助于发菜培养技术的完善.[方法]配制14种不同的营养液,在室内开放环境内培养发菜;通过对发菜表面粘附微生物的分离和培养,观察并统计菌落数.[结果]培养21 d出现发菜不同程度腐烂现象,其中发菜原产地土壤浸提液组、原产地羊粪浸提液组中发菜生物量的损失最少;发菜表面分离物培养后,有6～7个菌落,从外形看,初步分为两种;彻底除菌后的发菜藻丝体可放置(28℃)到14 d而不腐烂.[结论]羊粪浸提液和发菜原产地土壤提取液有助于发菜生物量的维持;发菜腐烂与湿热条件下的表面微生物的生长密切相关;控制每1～2d给水一次的供水节律有利于发菜生命力的维持.     

A comparison of physical properties, oxalate-oxalic acid soluble substances, protein content, and in vitro protein digestibility of the blue-green algaNostoc commune Vauch. from the Philippines and Japan

The physical properties, amount of oxalate-oxalic acid soluble substances (OOSS), protein and in vitro protein digestibility ofNostoc commune from the Philippines and Japan were determined. The samples were the spherical type from the Philippines (PS), the dry field discoid type from the Philippines (PD), and the dry field discoid type from Japan (JD). The discoid types, PD and JD, regardless of origin showed higher settling volume in water (SV) and bulk density than PS. The OOSS values obtained for all samples were directly related to SV and bulk density. The WHC level was highest in PS. This desirable characteristic makes PS a technologically potential sample for large-scale food production applications in the future. Protein and in vitro protein digestibility varied significantly among all samples. In general, the algal samples examined posses desirable physical properties which are expected to be related to physiological functions.     

发菜生存与生长分布的微生态环境

通过野外调查 ,研究和分析了对发菜生存与生长发育起直接作用的微土壤、微气候、微地形、微植被和风向等微生态环境。发菜对生存环境的选择性很强。其中 ,干一湿交替的微气候环境是一个起决定作用的关键性因子 ,是发菜生存和生长发育的必要条件。一方面 ,发菜藻体在干燥的状态下 ,有利于干物质的积累 ,是发菜生存和生长的必要前提 ;另一方面 ,发菜藻体只有在一定湿润状态下 ,才能生长发育。由于干旱气候环境所限 ,野生发菜的生长速度极为缓慢。     

发菜形态特征及其与环境因子的关系

通过野外调查和室内观察分析 ,天然发菜原植体的形态主要有柱状和带状两种 ;群体形态有单丝体、团块状、辫状、束状和网状。原植体的形态特征受环境湿度的影响较大 ,在降水量较大的地区 ,发菜原植体增粗 ,直径在 0 .0 5～ 0 .2 5 mm之间 ,带状发菜的比例较大 ,占 30～ 60 % ,吸水后藻体的颜色一般呈棕褐色 ;在降水量较小或极端干旱地区 ,发菜以细丝状为主 ,直径在 0 .0 2～ 0 .2 2 mm之间 ,带状发菜的比例不足 2 5 % ,吸水后藻体的颜色呈绿色或浅棕褐色。发菜群体形态的形成和发育与自身的生长特性有关外 ,主要与环境因子特别是降雨量、地形及自然外力 (地面径流和空气流动 )有关。     

适宜地木耳生长的生态环境和土壤养分分析

地木耳适宜生长于通风良好、水分充足但不渍水的地方;地木耳对土壤质地没有特别要求,土壤酸碱度一般为中性至酸性,有机质含量高;其生长与土壤速效磷、钾含量的关系不显著。     

毛泽东的大同思想与人民公社

青年时期的毛泽东在继承中国传统的大同思想的同时,还受到了西方新思想的影响,建国后成为党和国家领导人后,他认为人民公社是通向大同社会的最好途径,于是就有了轰轰烈烈的人民公社化运动。毛泽东的大同理想与人民公社化运动有着必然联系,是其思想的组成部分。     

草地利用和管理方式对地木耳生物量的影响

地木耳(Nostoc commune)是一种固氮蓝藻,其固氮活性是可逆的,在天然草地氮素循环中起着非常重要的作用。本研究分析了放牧、刈割、烧荒以及围封对地木耳生长动态的影响,以期为合理利用和管理天然草地提供理论依据。结果表明,围栏封育样地地木耳的生物量最高,适度放牧和刈割样地次之,重度放牧显著抑制了地木耳生长,其总生物量仅相当于围栏封育的11.2%～35.1%;烧荒处理当年地木耳生长受到抑制,但随着凋落物的积累,其生长量逐渐增加;地木耳生物量与凋落物、立枯物的量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,凋落物和立枯物的量是影响地木耳生长的主要因素。因此,适度放牧和围栏封育有利于草地固氮蓝藻--地木耳的生长和增加草地氮素供应。     

Glycosylated Porphyra-334 and Palythine-Threonine from the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble UV-absorbing pigments, and structurally different MAAs have been identified in eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria. In this study novel glycosylated MAAs were found in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune (N. commune). An MAA with an absorption maximum at 334 nm was identified as a hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative with a molecular mass of 508 Da. Another MAA with an absorption maximum at 322 nm was identified as a two hexose-bound palythine-threonine derivative with a molecular mass of 612 Da. These purified MAAs have radical scavenging activities in vitro, which suggests multifunctional roles as sunscreens and antioxidants. The 612-Da MAA accounted for approximately 60% of the total MAAs and contributed approximately 20% of the total radical scavenging activities in a water extract, indicating that it is the major water-soluble UV-protectant and radical scavenger component. The hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative and the glycosylated palythine-threonine derivatives were found in a specific genotype of N. commune, suggesting that glycosylated MAA patterns could be a chemotaxonomic marker for the characterization of the morphologically indistinguishable N. commune. The glycosylation of porphyra-334 and palythine-threonine in N. commune suggests a unique adaptation for terrestrial environments that are drastically fluctuating in comparison to stable aquatic environments.