Fusarium rosicola sp. nov. causing vascular wilt on Rosa chinensis

Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis) is one of the most popular and widely cultivated flowers worldwide and has extremely high economic and ornamental value. In 2020 wilt disease on R. chinensis was discovered in Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Fungal isolates were obtained from the stems of the rose. According to morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses with the sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1-α), and part of the RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2), the isolates YJ1 to YJ4 were determined as a new species of Fusarium solani species complex, and named as Fusarium rosicola sp. nov., which is hereby described and illustrated. Pathogenicity of the isolate YJ1 was verified by Koch's postulates. The fungus was determined as the pathogen causing rose vascular wilt. The isolate YJ1 was labelled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), and roots of R. chinensis were inoculated. The result showed that the fungus infected the vascular tissue of the host plants and caused withering of the above-ground parts, resulting in the death of the whole plant. The GFP-labelled pathogen was reisolated from the stems and foliage, proving that this is a newly emerged systemic disease on R. chinensis in the world.     

广西香蕉细菌性软腐病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

为明确引起广西香蕉细菌性软腐病的病原,采用组织分离法从染病的香蕉组织中分离病原菌,通过柯赫氏法则验证其致病性。对病原菌进行形态学观察、分子鉴定、生理生化测试及生物学特性测定。结果表明,从染病蕉头和蕉果分离到的病原菌,其菌株的形态特征、生理生化测试结果与Dickeya sp.基本一致,16S rDNA基因序列与Dickeya属细菌的同源性达99%;其最适培养温度为28℃,最适pH为7.0。病原菌的dnaX、gryB和recA基因序列与D.zeae的同源性均在97%以上。多基因系统发育树显示,病原菌与所有的D.zeae细菌聚在同一个最小进化分支里,自展支持率为100%。根据以上结果,将引起广西香蕉细菌性软腐病的病原菌鉴定为Dickeya zeae。同时,测定7种杀菌剂对GR-1菌株的室内毒力,46%氢氧化铜WG的EC_(50)最低,为186.69 mg/L;其500倍稀释液对GR-1菌株的抑菌效果最好,达76.89%。     

Distribution and characterization of Streptomyces species causing potato common scab in Germany

Field‐grown potatoes showing scab infections were sampled in two successive years and analysed for prevailing Streptomyces strains. In 2008 and 2009, 293 Streptomyces isolates were collected in Germany and analysed for morphology, pathogenicity and strain type. Isolates varied in mycelium colour, sporulation and pigmentation. Based on their morphology, no clear differentiation of species was possible. At the genetic level, sampled isolates, as well as a number of type strains from culture collections, were characterized by PCR using 16S rRNA‐specific primers and PCR‐RFLP of the 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with Hpy99I. Using this fingerprinting approach, Streptomyces species could be differentiated genotypically. The data from this study show that diversity among scab‐causing species in Germany is much higher than previously thought. Isolates belonged to various Streptomyces spp. previously associated with common scab. This is apparently the first report of pathogenic strains of S. europaeiscabiei, S. stelliscabiei, S. acidiscabiei, S. turgidiscabiei and S. bottropensis within Germany. Streptomyces europaeiscabiei was the predominant species found. Other scab‐causing species were identified, but their local distribution was uneven. For most of the isolates, the presence of the txtAB gene was demonstrated, indicating pathogenicity. This analysis is one of the first reports to examine the distribution of common scab‐causing species in Germany.     

The morphology,behaviour and molecular phylogeny of Phytophthora taxon Salixsoil and its redesignation as Phytophthora lacustris sp. nov.

Since its first isolation from Salix roots in 1972, isolates of a sexually sterile Phytophthora species have been obtained frequently from wet or riparian habitats worldwide and have also been isolated from roots of Alnus and Prunus spp. Although originally assigned to Phytophthora gonapodyides on morphological grounds, it was recognized that these isolates, informally named P. taxon Salixsoil, might represent a separate lineage within ITS Clade 6. Based on phylogenetic analyses and comparisons of morphology, growth‐temperature relationships and pathogenicity, this taxon is formally described here as Phytophthora lacustris sp. nov. Isolates of P. lacustris form a clearly resolved cluster in both ITS and mitochondrial cox1 phylogenies, basal to most other Clade 6 taxa. Phytophthora lacustris shares several unusual behavioural properties with other aquatic Clade 6 species, such as sexual sterility and tolerance of high temperatures, that have been suggested as adaptations to riparian conditions. It appears to be widespread in Europe and has also been detected in Australia, New Zealand and the USA. It was shown to be weakly or moderately aggressive on inoculation to Alnus, Prunus and Salix. The extent of P. lacustris’ activity as a saprotroph in plant debris in water and as an opportunistic pathogen in riparian habitats needs further investigation. Its pathogenic potential to cultivated fruit trees also deserves attention because P. lacustris has apparently been introduced into the nursery trade.     

Spatial connectedness of plant species: potential links for apparent competition via plant diseases

This study evaluated the reactions of seven common C4 grasses of the tallgrass prairie of the USA Great Plains to the economically important wheat pathogens Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) isolated from wheat. The P. tritici‐repentis isolates (race 1) were pathogenic on all grasses tested, but symptom severity was markedly low. Three of the grass species inoculated with Ggt were highly susceptible, while four species exhibited no symptoms. Because measures of connectedness can provide a proxy for population processes, connectedness was evaluated within and among the seven grass species in representative tallgrass prairie environments for all potential pathogen‐sharing patterns. Andropogon gerardii was ubiquitous, so all plant species were well connected to it. Andropogon scoparius (= Schizachyrium scoparium), Sorghastrum nutans and Panicum virgatum were fairly common but specialized to particular environments. Bouteloua curtipendula was uncommon but occurred in all environments, while Buchloë dactyloides and Bouteloua gracilis were uncommon and only occurred in upland sites. Co‐occurrence of plant species was generally not reciprocal in that, for many species pairs, species A rarely occurred without potential exposure to inoculum from species B, while species B commonly occurred without species A. The three grass species susceptible to Ggt may act as sources of inoculum for each other within tallgrass prairie, with the potential to influence fitness, and tallgrass prairie and commercial wheat ecosystems in the Great Plains also have the potential to share both pathogens.     

Involvement of programmed cell death in suppression of the number of root nodules formed in soybean induced by Bradyrhizobium infection

Legumes establish symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia through root nodules to acquire nitrogen. Legumes control nodule number through systemic (autoregulation of nodulation) as well as local regulation. Moreover, plants defend themselves against bacteria and other pathogens through the induction of localized (localized acquired resistance) and systemic (SAR, systemic acquired resistance; ISR, induced systemic resistance) responses. Herein, we show that the number of root nodules is suppressed by programmed cell death (PCD), and is simultaneously controlled by SAR and ISR in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). The wild-type soybean cultivar Williams 82 showed markedly fewer root nodule primordia and PCD symptoms, including accelerated DNA degradation, enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (visualized by 3,3′-diaminobenzidine staining), and excessive cell death (detected on staining with trypan blue) compared to the hypernodulation mutant NOD1-3. These results suggest that PCD suppresses the formation of root nodules in wild-type soybean. In addition, microarray and gene ontology analyses showed that essential components of hypersensitive response (HR) or disease resistance, such as resistance (R) genes, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, SAR, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, etc., were activated in wild-type plants. These analyses corroborate the above findings, demonstrating that the suppression of root nodule formation by PCD is accompanied by HR, and is simultaneously controlled by SAR and ISR in soybean. These findings provide new insight into the control of nodulation to balance nutritional requirements and energy status in legumes.     

EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION IN SOIL PROPERTIES AND HORTICULTURAL CROP (LACTUCA SATIVA L.)

Wastewater reuse can pose risks due to the presence of heavy metals or pathogen microorganisms. The objective of this paper is to assess the possible environmental and human health risks of treated wastewater when applied to horticultural crops. Results show a high influence of treated wastewater in some soil parameters, such as sodium. Results on growth parameters (dry and fresh weight, average height and diameter) show higher values for plants irrigated with treated wastewater than the control. The contribution of nutrients and organic matter from treated wastewater from the Alcázar de San Juan wastewater treatment plant with no additional mineral fertilizer was not sufficient for the normal development of the lettuce plants throughout the three crop seasons. The presence of pathogen microorganisms in two plots was detected in plants and soil.     

广东省149个油茶品种（系）对炭疽病的抗性及其病原菌鉴定

为明确广东省油茶品种（系）对炭疽病的抗性及引起油茶炭疽病的病原菌种类,对广东省肇庆市、广州市和韶关市的149个油茶品种（系）进行田间抗性调查,从发病组织中分离纯化致病菌,观察菌株形态学特征,并结合3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶（glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH）基因扩增序列进行分子生物学鉴定。结果显示,有93.29%的油茶品种（系）发生炭疽病,3个调查地油茶炭疽病的平均发病率为18.86%~24.25%,较抗病的油茶品种（系）占调查总数的53.02%,感病油茶品种（系）占调查总数的46.98%。其中,海南3号、长林400号和湘林89号等10个品种（系）表现为近免疫,揭阳5号、桂14号和湘林350号等16个品种（系）表现为高抗,赣5190号、湘林27号和岑软11号等53个品种（系）表现为中抗,赣兴46号、赣州S4号和赣州R10号等36个品种（系）表现为中感,岑软11-3000号、长林53号和湘林67号等34个品种（系）表现为高感,其中岑软11-19号发病率高达65.00%。共分离获得油茶炭疽病致病菌25株,结合形态学特征和基于GAPDH序列的系统发育树分析,将其中24株鉴定为果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola,1株鉴定为为暹罗炭疽菌C. siamense。筛选的油茶抗病品种（系）可作为广东省油茶良种选育材料,且该省油茶炭疽病主要由果生炭疽菌引起。     

马铃薯疮痂病菌在植株和田间的分布与动态分析

为探明马铃薯疮痂病菌在植株和土壤中的分布情况及种群动态变化特点,利用常规PCR和定量PCR(qPCR)技术对不同环境的马铃薯疮痂病株和田间植株不同生育期的土壤样品进行病原菌的定性定量检测.结果 表明,病田、温室盆栽和微型薯苗床中马铃薯疮痂病重度发病植株的根、匍匐茎、块茎、地上茎、叶片等组织样品均可检测到184 bp的疮...     

马褂木褐斑病病原的鉴定

鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinensis),又名马褂木,属于木兰科鹅掌楸属,具有树干通直、生长迅速、木材用途广等特点,为世界珍贵的行道树和庭园观赏树种之一,现存资源稀少,被列入国家二级珍稀濒危保护植物,国内分布于陕西、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、湖南、湖北、贵州、四川、广西和云南等11个省(区)(李周岐等,2000).