华北推荐施肥制度下不同冬小麦基因型产量及养分效率研究

为华北冬小麦主产区选择适宜冬小麦品种,选用山东省5个冬小麦主栽品种,在采用华北冬小麦推荐肥料用量的情况下,研究其产量和养分效率。结果表明,不同基因型小麦产量差异显著,以‘济麦22’产量最高,‘泰农18’和‘山农17’次之;从产量构成因素分析,不同基因型获得高产的依赖因子不同,‘济麦22’和‘山农17’主要依赖于收获群体较大,‘泰农18’则是由于其穗粒数较多;相同养分供应情况下,不同基因型的养分吸收量和利用效率差异较大,‘泰农18’的氮、磷、钾养分吸收量低于其余品种,表明其在获得较高产量的情况下,具有较高的养分生理效率和养分转移效率。从产量和养分效率2个方面分析,‘济麦22’和‘泰农18’在协调高产高效方面具有较大的优势。     

豫西不同基因型烤烟香气成分和评吸质量的分析

通过对豫西不同基因型烤烟香气成分和评吸质量的评价,分析其中存在优劣差异,为指导烟区品种资源合理搭配提供参考依据。采用气相色谱/质谱联用仪（GC/MS）内标定量检测挥发性香气物质,用单料烟感官评吸评价法,综合分析豫西不同基因型烤烟的内在质量。结果表明：不同基因型的总香气成分含量由高到低依次为‘洛阳4号’、‘中烟100’、‘K326’、‘云烟202’和‘长脖黄’。不同基因型新植二烯含量与香气物质总量的变化趋势相一致;苯丙氨酸类含量最高的基因类型是‘K326’,其次是‘中烟100’和‘洛阳4号’;棕色化产物类含量最高的基因类型是‘中烟100’,其次是‘洛阳4号’,‘长脖黄’含量最低;类西柏烷类和类胡萝卜素类含量最高的是‘洛阳4号’,其次是‘中烟100’。不同基因型的评吸评价结果是：中下部叶片以‘中烟100’评吸总分最高,其次是‘洛阳4号’,‘长脖黄’较差;上部叶片以‘洛阳4号’评吸总分最高,其次为‘中烟100’,‘K326’较差。豫西地区适合主推‘中烟100’和‘洛阳4号’品种,合理搭配‘云烟202’、‘K326’,淘汰‘长脖黄’。     

Effects of erect panicle genotype and environment interactions on rice yield and yield components

The dense and erect panicle (EP) genotype conferred by DEP1 has been widely used in the breeding of high-yield Chinese japonica rice varieties.  However, the breeding value of the EP genotype has rarely been determined at the plant population level.  Therefore, the effects of the interaction of EP genotype and the environment at different locations and times on rice yield and its various components were investigated in this study.  Two sets of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of EP and non-EP (NEP) genotypes with Liaojing 5 (LG5) and Akitakomachi (AKI) backgrounds were grown in the field in 2016 and 2017 in Shenyang, China, and Kyoto, Japan.  In 2018, these sets were grown only in Kyoto, Japan.  The average yields of the EP and NEP genotypes were 6.67 and 6.13 t ha⁻¹ for the AKI background, and 6.66 and 6.58 t ha⁻¹ for the LG5 background, respectively.  The EP genotype positively affected panicle number (PN) and grain number per square meter (GNPM), mostly resulting in a positive effect on harvest index (HI).  In contrast, the EP genotype exerted a negative effect on thousand-grain weight (KGW).  The ratio of the performance of the EP genotype relative to the NEP genotype in terms of yield and total biomass correlated positively with mean daily solar radiation during a 40-day period around heading.  These results indicate that the effectiveness of the EP genotype depends on the availability of solar radiation, and the effect of this genotype is consistently positive for sink formation, conditional in terms of source capacity, and positive in a high-radiation environment.     

谷子高效离体再生基因型和培养基的筛选

谷子离体再生和遗传转化困难,极大地限制了其作为模式植物在功能基因组学研究和品种遗传改良中的应用。为筛选高效离体再生的谷子基因型,选取90份国内外的谷子种质资源,利用其成熟胚作为外植体进行离体再生培养。结果表明,不同基因型谷子出愈率、芽分化率和再生率差异较大;不同基因型的谷子出愈率在17.67%~93.67%之间,芽分化率在0%~78.89%之间,再生率在0%~40.00%之间。从中筛选出3份高效离体再生种质资源,分别为Y41、Y176和Y145,其离体再生效率分别为40.00%、37.33%和36.00%。3份种质资源在CIM3培养基上的出愈率最高,且愈伤质量较好,CIM3培养基配方为4.43 g·L^-1MS + 30 g·L^-1蔗糖 + 4 g·L^-1phytagel + 2 mg·L^-12,4-D + 0.5 mg·L^-1KT。本研究结果为谷子离体再生和遗传转化,以及推动谷子作为C₄禾谷类模式植物的进程奠定了一定的理论基础。     

Early root development of poplars (Populus spp.) in relation to moist and saturated soil conditions

Poplars (Populus spp.) are among the fastest growing trees raised in temperate regions of the world. Testing of newly developed cultivars informs assessment of potential planting stock for local environments. Initial rooting by nine poplar clones was tested in moist and saturated soil conditions during an 18-day greenhouse experiment. Clones responded differently to soil moisture, particularly in number of roots, root distribution, and root dry mass accumulation. About 73% of cuttings planted in moist soil produced roots from callus tissue, whereas only 1% of cuttings planted in saturated soil developed such roots. This drove root distribution towards the basal section of cuttings in moist soil, while in saturated soil roots were more evenly distributed among all three below-ground sections of cuttings. Roots originating from the basal section of cuttings planted in moist soil were longer than roots originating from apical and middle sections. Conversely, roots from the apical and middle sections of cuttings planted in saturated soil were longer than those originating from the basal section. Initial rooting among poplar clones established under two soil moisture regimes has implications for genotype deployment in the field, but long-term effects in the field are still unknown.     

Characterization of resistance mechanisms activated by Trichoderma harzianum T39 and benzothiadiazole to downy mildew in different grapevine cultivars

Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevine and is controlled with intense application of chemical fungicides. Treatment with Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39) or benzothiadiazole‐7‐carbothioic acid S‐methyl ester (BTH) has been previously shown to activate grapevine resistance to downy mildew and reduce disease symptoms in the Pinot noir cultivar. However, enhancement of plant resistance can be affected by several factors, including plant genotype. In order to further extend the use of resistance inducers against downy mildew, the physiological and molecular properties of T39‐ and BTH‐activated resistance in different cultivars of table and wine grapes were characterized under greenhouse conditions. T39 treatment reduced downy mildew symptoms, but the degree of efficacy differed significantly among grapevine cultivars. However, efficacy of BTH‐activated resistance was consistently high in the different cultivars. Expression profiles of defence‐related genes differed among cultivars in response to resistance inducers and to pathogen inoculation. T39 treatment enhanced the expression of defence‐related genes in the responsive cultivars, before and after P. viticola inoculation. A positive correlation between the efficacy of T39 and the expression level of defence‐related genes was found in Primitivo and Pinot noir plants, while different genes or more complex processes were probably activated in Sugraone and Negroamaro. The data reported here suggest that the use of a responsive cultivar is particularly important to maximize the efficacy of resistance inducers and new natural inducers should be explored for the less responsive cultivars.     

Differences in the Efficiency of Potassium (K) Uptake and Use in Five Apple Rootstock Genotypes

Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium (K) perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agriculture possible. We conducted hydroponics and sand culture experiments to evaluate the efficiency of various apple (Malus domestica Borkh) rootstocks in their K uptake and utilization. Five genotypes were selected which are widely used in China - M. hupehensis Rehd, M. prunifolia Borkh, M. robusta Rehd, M. sieversii Roem, and M. rockii Rehd. Plant heights, root and shoot dry weights, and K concentrations were recorded. These genotypes differed markedly in dry weights, absolute and relative K concentrations, absolute and relative K accumulations, and their K efficiency ratio under deficient K conditions. The last parameter, expressed as relative shoot dry weight, was strongly and positively correlated with the other four parameters in each genotype. Therefore, we suggest that this parameter could serve as an index when selecting K-efficient genotypes. In this study, we have determined that M. sieversii and M. rockii are K-inefficient genotypes; M. prunifolia is K-efficient genotype; M. hupehensis and M. robusta have moderate levels of potassium efficiency.     

基因Ⅰ型草鱼呼肠孤病毒TaqMan Real-Time PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为了建立和应用可检测基因Ⅰ型草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)的荧光定量检测方法,实验根据基因Ⅰ型GCRV的S6保守序列,分别设计扩增目的条带661 bp普通引物(P1、P2)、扩增目的条带159 bp荧光定量引物(F1、F2)和一条探针;同时构建含有目的片段的PVAX1-S6作为标准质粒,10倍梯度稀释构建质粒拷贝数与Ct值的标准曲线(Y=-3.389X+38.076)。结果表明,此方法在3.9×107~3.9×101拷贝/μL之间相关性较好,R2为0.992,最小检测量为4拷贝/μL;且与基因Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型GCRV以及其他病原核酸无交叉反应。运用该方法检测16份草鱼出血病疑似样品,阳性结果为4份;而普通PCR检测仅2份显示阳性。本研究建立了针对基因Ⅰ型GCRV的荧光定量检测方法,具有高效、特异、灵敏、可重复性强的优点,适合于目前基因Ⅰ型GCRV的临床快速检测和病毒定量分析。     

钙蛋白酶系统对猪肉嫩度影响的研究进展

嫩度是影响猪肉品质的重要性状之一,肉品的嫩度取决于肌肉结构及其相关蛋白质的变化程度。影响肌肉嫩度的因素有很多,其中钙蛋白酶系统在肌肉嫩化过程中发挥着重要作用。钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白是钙蛋白酶系统的成员之一,同时也为钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因的表达产物,钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因为调控猪肉品质的候选基因之一。作者对影响肌肉嫩度的因素、钙蛋白酶系统的结构和生理功能,以及钙蛋白酶系统和钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因型对猪肉嫩度的影响进行综述。     

农杆菌介导不同基因型大豆品种子叶节遗传转化条件的研究

以黑农46、黑农53和黑农56的子叶节为转化受体,对农杆菌介导大豆子叶节遗传转化中的6-BA浓度、草丁膦浓度、侵染时间、共培养时间以及伸长培养基进行筛选,确定适合不同基因型的最佳转化条件。结果表明:黑农46、黑农53和黑农56的最佳6-BA诱导浓度分别为1.7、1.6和1.7 mg.L-1;最佳草丁膦筛选浓度分别为2.0、3.0和2.0 mg.L-1;同时确定了侵染时间、共培养时间和伸长培养基类型的最佳组合是侵染时间25 min、共培养时间3 d和Ⅲ型伸长培养基。