Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒RT—PCR检测方法的建立

参考GenBank中Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒（DHV-I）的基因序列,应用Primer Premier5．0软件设计了一对引物,建立了适合DHV—I快速检测的RT—PCR检测方法。以该方法对实验室分离并保存的DHV强毒株Z10株的RNA为模板进行RT—PCR扩增,得到了预期大小为699bp的目的片段。将扩增所得的DNA片段进行克隆测序,测序结果与GenBank中的DHV-I的相应基因序列比对分析,同源性均达90％以上．表明为DHV—I的基因序列,对NDV,IBDV,DPV和GPV等常见病毒扩增结果为阴性。该方法敏感性检测结果表明．最低RNA模板检出量为24pg。表明所建立的RT—PCR检测技术具有特异、快速和敏感的特点,可用于Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒的快速诊断。     

Examining the Effects of the Destroying Ammunition,Mines and Explosive Devices on the Presence of Heavy Metals in Soil of Open Detonation Pit; Part 2: Determination of Heavy Metal Fractions

As a result of the destruction of ammunition, mines, and explosive devices by the method of open detonation, the increased concentration of heavy metals is often recorded in the soil of military polygons, which is a serious ecological problem. However, in order to determine the potential risk of such locations to the environment, it is necessary to determine, in addition to the total content, the forms in which the metals are present. In this paper, a sequential extraction method was used to analyze the six fractions of five heavy metals (cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, and zinc) in the soil of the polygon for destruction of ammunition, mines, and explosive devices. Samples were collected from the place of direct detonation (so-called pits) and from the edge of the pit. The aim of this research is determination of metal speciation in order to obtain a better insight in their mobility and risk arising from this. The results showed that heavy metals are predominantly present in the residual, oxide, and organic fractions. Cd and Cu were also significantly present in the mobile fractions due to conducted activities on the polygon. To assess the potential environmental risk of soil, the risk assessment code (RAC) and individual (ICF) and global (GCF) contamination factors were used. According to the RAC, the mobility and bioavailability of the analyzed heavy metals decreases in the following order: Cd?>?Cu?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Ni. ICF results show low to moderate risk, while GCF results show low risk in terms of heavy metal contamination in the examined area.     

大茎野生种57NG208与南涧果蔗正反交F1代材料的耐旱性评价

选用大茎野生种57NG208与南涧果蔗正反交所得的12个后代为试验材料,采用桶栽试验的方法,在甘蔗拔节初期设正常供水（CK）、轻度胁迫和重度胁迫3处理进行人工水分胁迫,分别测定3处理的形态指标及生理生化指标,利用隶属函数分析﹑灰色关联度分析和聚类分析,综合评价12份参试材料在不同水分胁迫下耐旱性的强弱。结果表明：不同水分胁迫处理对供试甘蔗主要测定指标均有显著影响;在不同水分胁迫下甘蔗叶片中的PMP、MDA含量、Pro含量、SOD和POD酶活性数值升高,CHL含量和Hight数值降低,变化幅度因水分胁迫程度及参试材料的差异而不同;隶属函数分析结果表明,在不同水分胁迫下,大茎野生种57NG208与南涧果蔗正交材料排在前5位的数量比其反交多;聚类分析表明,所有参试材料在轻度、重度水分胁迫下,均可分为4大类别,云瑞2012-9-11和云瑞2012-38-81的耐旱性较好,无论轻度、重度水分胁迫处理均聚为一类;灰色关联度分析表明,在不同程度的水分胁迫下,各项测定指标与耐旱性间的关联度不同,CHL、Pro和POD等3项生理生化指标与甘蔗耐旱性关联度较高,是甘蔗耐旱性评价的优良指标。     

9个水稻品种在上海崇明稻区产量构成特性比较

2014年对交源优69、申优17等9个水稻品种在上海崇明区的产量特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,杂交稻花优14、申优17产量高,均超过10t/hm^2,沪香粳106在常规品种中产量最高。杂交稻花优14、申优17和沪香粳106等3个品种综合表现优,适宜在上海崇明地区推广试种。     

磷运筹和干旱胁迫对冬小麦农艺性状和品质性状的影响

为探究不同水磷运筹对冬小麦农艺性状和品质性状的影响,以冬小麦品种新冬20号和新冬23号为材料,研究了不同水分和施磷时期处理对冬小麦农艺性状、籽粒蛋白和淀粉含量、淀粉特性、植株和籽粒全磷含量的影响.结果表明:(1)品种、水分、施磷时期及其互作效应对小麦株高和千粒重均有显著影响;(2)品种、水分及三个试验因素的互作效应对籽粒淀粉和蛋白含量均有显著影响;籽粒淀粉含量以新冬20号干旱胁迫下一次施磷(DT+P1)处理的最高,新冬23号以干旱胁迫下三次施磷(DT+P3)处理最高;两个品种均以适水对照下三次施磷(WT+P3)处理的籽粒蛋白含量最高;(3)不同磷素运筹和干旱胁迫条件下,小麦淀粉粒的微观结构发生了变化,进而影响了淀粉粒的水解效率;(4)两个小麦品种的籽粒硬度均以DT+P3处理最低;(5)水分和施磷处理的互作效应对植株和籽粒磷含量有显著影响.     

Development of sperm vitrification protocols for two endangered salmonid species: the Adriatic grayling, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus thymallus</Emphasis>, and the marble trout, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo marmoratus</Emphasis>

Vitrification was applied to the sperm of two endangered fish species of So?a River basin in Slovenia, the Adriatic grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) following testing different cooling devices and vitrifying media. Sperm was collected, diluted in species-specific non-activating media containing cryoprotectants, and vitrified by plunging directly into liquid nitrogen without pre-cooling. Progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, and straightness of fresh and vitrified-warmed sperm were evaluated with computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Fertilization trials were carried out to test the effectiveness of vitrification in the case of grayling. A protocol utilizing a glucose-based extender, 30% cryoprotectants (15% methanol + 15% propylene glycol), 1:1 dilution ratio, and droplets of 2 μl on a Cryotop as cooling device yielded the highest post-thaw motility values for both Adriatic grayling (7.5?±?6.5%) and marble trout (26.6?±?15.8%). Viable embryos were produced by fertilizing eggs with vitrified grayling sperm (hatching 13.1?±?11.7%, control hatching 73.9?±?10.4%). The vitrification protocol developed in this study can be utilized in the conservation efforts for the two species as an alternative to slow-rate freezing when working in field conditions or when specific equipment necessary for slow-rate freezing is not available.     

Viruses affecting tomato crops in Serbia

In a two-year survey (2011–2012), 3220 samples were collected and analyzed in order to determine the presence and distribution of viruses in tomato crops at 56 localities of 18 districts in Serbia. Out of 12 viruses tested, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were detected in 42.1, 40, 11, 8.6, 2.3 and 1.3% of the total tested samples, respectively. The results revealed that CMV was prevalent in 2011 and PVY in 2012. CMV and PVY, apart from being predominant, were also the most widespread viruses. In general, single infections were the most frequent type of infection. Additionally, the most common mixed infections were double infections and the most prevalent combination was CMV and PVY. In 2011, the incidence of diseases and the percentage of all infection types were significantly higher than in 2012. Furthermore, in 2011, regardless of total single infections being prevalent compared to mixed infections, two prevailing viruses were commonly detected in mixed infections. The additional molecular testing of ELISA-negative samples using virus specific primers did not reveal the presence of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLC), Tomato infections chlorosis virus (TICV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV).     

Advocating a need for suitable breeding approaches to boost integrated pest management: a European perspective

Currently, European farmers do not have access to sufficient numbers and diversity of crop species/varieties. This prevents them from designing cropping systems more resilient to abiotic and biotic stresses. Crop diversification is a key lever to reduce pest (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) pressures at all spatial levels from fields to landscapes. In this context, plant breeding should consist of: (1) increased efforts in the development of new or minor crop varieties to foster diversity in cropping systems, and (2) focus on more resilient varieties showing local adaptation. This new breeding paradigm, called here ‘breeding for integrated pest management (IPM)’, may boost IPM through the development of cultivars with tolerance or resistance to key pests, with the goal of reducing reliance on conventional pesticides. At the same time, this paradigm has legal and practical implications for future breeding programs, including those targeting sustainable agricultural systems. By putting these issues into the context, this article presents the key outcomes of a questionnaire survey and experts' views expressed during an EU workshop entitled ‘Breeding for IPM in sustainable agricultural systems’. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of species grouping and site variables on aboveground biomass models for lowland tropical forests of the Indo-Malay region

Key message

This study assessed the effect of ecological variables on tree allometry and provides more accurate aboveground biomass (AGB) models through the involvement of large samples representing major islands, biogeographical zones and various succession and degradation levels of natural lowland forests in the Indo-Malay region. The only additional variable that significantly and largely contributed to explaining AGB variation is grouping based on wood-density classes.

Context

There is a need for an AGB equation at tree level for the lowland tropical forests of the Indo-Malay region. In this respect, the influence of geographical, climatic and ecological gradients needs to be assessed.

Aims

The overall aim of this research is to provide a regional-scale analysis of allometric models for tree AGB of lowland tropical forests in the Indo-Malay region.

Methods

A dataset of 1300 harvested trees (5 cm ≤ trunk diameter ≤ 172 cm) was collected from a wide range of succession and degradation levels of natural lowland forests through direct measurement and an intensive literature search of principally grey publications. We performed ANCOVA to assess possible irregular datasets from the 43 study sites. After ANCOVA, a 1201-tree dataset was selected for the development of allometric equations. We tested whether the variables related to climate, geographical region and species grouping affected tree allometry in the lowland forest of the Indo-Malay region.

Results

Climatic and major taxon-based variables were not significant in explaining AGB variations. Biogeographical zone was a significant variable explaining AGB variation, but it made only a minor contribution on the accuracy of AGB models. The biogeographical effect on AGB variation is more indirect than its effect on species and stand characteristics. In contrast, the integration of wood-density classes improved the models significantly.

Conclusion

Our AGB models outperformed existing local models and will be useful for improving the accuracy on the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in tropical forests. However, more samples of large trees are required to improve our understanding of biomass distribution across various forest types and along geographical and elevation gradients.

     

基质效应对黄瓜中4种有机磷农药残留检测的影响

探讨了基质对气相色谱法测定黄瓜中乙酰甲胺磷、氧化乐果、甲基对硫磷和毒死蜱4种有机磷农药的影响。结果表明,上述4种农药均存在基质增强效应,其中乙酰甲胺磷、氧化乐果的基质增强效应尤为显著。采用基质匹配标准溶液校准可以有效降低乙酰甲胺磷、甲基对硫磷和毒死蜱的基质增强效应,结合进样前后标准溶液平均值校正可以使回收率达到97%～106%;氧化乐果除存在基质增强效应外,还可能由于存在较强的进样口吸附影响,导致3个平行样检测结果依进样顺序逐渐升高,采用空白基质加标与样品前后邻近标准溶液平均值校正相结合的校准方式,能够取得较为理想的回收率。