通过杉木采伐迹地撂荒重建乡土维管植物多样性

撂荒为采伐迹地树种提供了更新机会,但是撂荒在用材林向天然林转化过程中的作用和机制 ,尚不清楚.该文比较分析了亚热带湖南会同林区,杉木采伐迹地撂荒10年而成的次生常绿 阔叶林、杉木人工林、老龄次生常绿阔叶林,3个演替阶段的维管植物多样性差别.结果显示,撂荒过程相对于杉木人工林过程有显著更高的物种丰富度、Shannon多样性和Srensenia 相似性距离,但是Pielou均匀度在乔木层、林下层以及各生长习性的比较中表现相似.NMS（非度量多元标度）排序揭示不同的演替阶段,无论乔木、灌木、草本还是藤本均有明显的分组现象,从杉木林林下植被演替到老龄常绿阔叶林,β多样性是增加的.进一步的回归分析检验了灌木、草本和藤本的物种组成单独对树种的更新没有显著的影响,但是其总的联合效应促进了本地树种的更新.实验证实,撂荒所致的物种变化不单纯是α多样性的改变同时还伴随了β多样性的增加,表明撂荒可作为多样性保护及天然林重建的一种手段.      

长白山原始阔叶红松林细根分布及其周转的研究

采用连续土钻分层取样法，对长白山自然保护区中原始阔叶红松林细根的垂直分布、生长和周转进行了研究. 结果表明，在原始阔叶红松林中，细根的平均生物量为827.8 g/m[[sup]]2[[/sup]]；细根在不同土层中的垂直分布符合指数曲线回归方程，大量的细根集中在0～10 cm土层. 通过回归分析发现，细根的垂直分布与土层容重、温度和碳、氮含量存在显著的回归关系（P0.01）. 在原始阔叶红松林中，群落细根的生长高峰发生在7月和10月，但其中主要树种、其他木本和草本的细根有着不同的生长动态，所以在计算细根生产量时应该分类计算，才会得出较为准确的结果. 通过对主要树种、其他木本和草本细根的分类计算，得出原始阔叶红松林中细根年生产量为912.4 g/m2，周转率为每年1.6次.      

不同有机物料还田对土壤结构与玉米光合速率的影响

为解决由于长期不合理耕作及有机物料利用率低而导致土壤养分贫瘠和土壤物理性状恶化情况,本试验针对黑土宜板结和肥力保持等问题设置了不同技术措施,研究在玉米生育时期不同有机物料还田模式对土壤结构特性及玉米光合速率的影响。结果表明:收获后浅翻深松+秸秆还田和有机肥处理较常规处理,土壤容重下降了0.13 g·cm^-3和0.09 g·cm^-3,浅翻深松+秸秆还田、有机肥、翻压绿肥和生物肥均能降低土壤紧实度,改善土壤三相比,增加土壤通气透水性,使得土壤物理结构得到改善。有机肥、秸秆还田和生物肥处理提高玉米喇叭口期光合速率,较常规处理提高2.1~7.6μmol·m^-2·s^-1;秸秆还田和生物肥较常规施肥处理,蒸腾速率下降57%和56%;在玉米喇叭口期各处理气孔导度均小于对照,灌浆期秸秆还田处理较常规处理气孔导度增加,导致叶片胞间CO₂浓度下降,说明气孔阻力的降低导致叶片胞间CO₂浓度降低。有机物料还田后可以降低土壤容重、紧实度,土壤三项比达到合理范围,并且可以提高作物的光合速率,降低蒸腾速率,尤其是秸秆还田和有机肥处理好于其他处理。保护性耕作和有机物料还田对于提高土壤肥力、改善土壤物理特性,提高作物光合速率,增加作物产量均起到积极促进作用。     

Metabolic fate of <Superscript>14</Superscript>C-labelled chlorinated and non-chlorinated fatty acids in goldfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis>)

In order to study the metabolic fate of chlorinated fatty acids in fish, goldfish were fed either 9,10-dichlorostearic acid or oleic acid, chosen as the unchlorinated analogue, both radiolabelled at either the carboxyl (1st) or the terminal (18th) carbon of the fatty acid chain. By keeping the fish in hermetically closed aquaria, all the respired, assimilated and excreted radioactivity could be accounted for. Fish fed 9,10-dichlorostearic acid labelled in the terminal end respired radioactive CO₂ to a much lower degree than fish fed the other test compounds. As a consequence, the radioactivity bound in lipids was higher in the group of fish fed dichlorostearic acid labelled in the terminal end. It is suggested that the chlorine atoms in the middle of the carbon chain obstruct the metabolic turn-over of 9,10-dichlorostearic acid, which may have an impact on the residence time of these compounds in the ecosystem.     

氮和磷添加对草原群落特征及有关生态过程的影响

该文系统综述了氮、磷添加对天然草原生产力、植物多样性以及氮利用策略、根系周转等有关生态过程的影响。多数研究表明氮添加提高了温性草原的生产力、降低了其物种多样性,但氮添加对高寒草甸生产力的影响不尽相同。单独磷添加对物种生产力和丰富度无显著性影响;氮、磷同时添加对于提高生产力存在互作效应。另外,同一功能群植物在不同生态系统中对氮、磷添加响应也不同。当土壤氮含量发生变化时,不同植物对氮的利用形态存在明显的生态位分离,进而影响生产力和物种组成。典型草原和高寒草甸植物叶片氮、磷含量以及回收量对氮、磷添加的响应结果并不一致。氮添加能够提高细根的寿命,磷添加能够提高地下根系的生物量,而氮、磷同时添加对生产力尤其是细根形态的变化和周转产生显著影响。但目前的研究多以野外观测为主,缺乏长期生态过程和机理的研究,尤其是关于地下生态过程的研究。另外磷添加如何影响主要植物和群落对氮利用形态的生态位分离等过程和机理的研究有待进一步加强。     

玉米秸秆还田对土壤理化特性影响的研究

试验设置玉米秸秆还田3、6 次,每次还田量7500、15000 kg/hm2,通过比较玉米秸秆是否还田、连续、间断还田以及不同还田量的土壤养分含量和理化特性差异,考察玉米秸秆还田培肥地力的效果。结果表明：（1）与不还田对照比较,秸秆还田的土壤有机质、有效N、有效P和速效K含量呈上升趋势,而容重呈下降趋势,其中有效N和速效K含量上升趋势特别明显;（2）连续6 年还田的土壤有机质、有效N、有效P 和速效K 含量分别比间断还田平均提高38.26%、18.73%、51.73%和18.74%,容重平均降低3.87%,采用秸秆连续还田对提高土壤养分含量和改善土壤物理特性的效果比隔年还田更佳;（3）较大还田量(15000 kg/hm2)的土壤有机质、有效N、有效P、速效K 含量和总孔隙度分别比较小还田量(7500 kg/hm2)提高18.25%、37.40%、35.45%、19.65%和8.44%,容重降低76.11%,增加秸秆还田数量对土壤养分含量的提高与物理特性的改善效果更加明显。     

The Importance of Root Dynamics in Cropping Systems Research

SUMMARY

This paper examines the nature and importance of the dynamics of crop root growth, particularly root turnover, and the application to different cropping systems. Methods now available to investigate root dynamics are summarized, and information being obtained is presented. Effects of physical, chemical, and biological factors on root dynamics are discussed. Growth of new roots and death of older roots can change the initial distribution in soil, allowing roots to exploit zones that have a more favorable nutrient or water supply. In herbaceous crops, the lifespan of roots appears to range between 16 and 36 per cent of the annual growth cycle. However, there is a paucity of data with which results can be compared. Localized enrichment of the water and nutrient supply enhances root turnover, and plants growing in soil well supplied with nutrients tend to have shorter-lived roots than those from nutrient limiting conditions. Both drought and excess water can induce premature root death, as can the resupply of water after drought. Turnover of roots contributes to carbon deposition in soil through their death and decay, as well as from the release of exudates from those roots during their lifetime. Improved understanding of root turnover is important for the development of more sustainable cropping systems. In particular, it could be used to improve the exploitation of N released from green manure as well as capturing N that has been leached below the rooting zone of staple crops. It is stressed that root turnover has more importance for plants with longer life cycles than in short season annual crops.     

Inoculation of Earthworms and Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the Improvement of Vegetable Growth via Enhanced N and P Availability in Soils

A pot trial was conducted to investigate the single, dual, and triple inoculation of earthworms or plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) (Azotobacter chroococcum HKN-5) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Bacillus megaterium HKP-1), on the growth of Brassica parachinenesis and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in soils. All of the five inoculation treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the shoot growth of B. parachinenesis. The greatest shoot and root biomass were recorded in the triple inoculation of earthworm, NFB, and PSB. All of the five inoculation treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentrations of ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N, NO_x-N, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)–extractable P in soils. Based on plant growth and availability of N and P in soils, the present study suggested that the triple inoculation may be a promising approach for reducing the need for chemical fertilizers in growing vegetables.     

岩溶区不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳碳库及周转时间的影响

通过土壤样品的室内培养,运用三库一级动力学理论,分析桂林毛村典型岩溶区旱地、灌丛、果园、林地4种不同土地利用类型下石灰土有机碳库容大小、各碳库平均周转时间及其影响因素。结果表明:4种土地利用类型土壤有机碳含量分别为15.41～20.10g/kg,13.07～31.16g/kg,9.38～14.74g/kg,30.82～37.52g/kg。活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例最小,分别为0.61%～0.93%,0.95%～1.24%,0.77%～1.00%,1.49%～1.66%。缓效性有机碳库分别占总有机碳含量的21.13%～30.18%,13.58%～23.46%,29.54%～46.58%,30.39%～33.84%。平均周转时间分别为7,8,7,12年。惰性有机碳占总有机碳的比例最高,分别为69.18%～78.26%,75.27%～85.47%,56.63%～69.70%,64.64%～68.12%。延长缓效性碳库驻留时间在一定程度上是提高土壤有机碳库的关键因素。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳总量、土壤碳酸钙含量、总钙量、土壤pH值、全氮含量、C/N与土壤有机碳各库库容及周转时间存在显著的正相关,腐殖质含量与土壤有机碳库及周转时间呈极显著正相关,土壤过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性显著影响土壤有机碳库含量及周转时间。     

Effects of earthworms and plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on availability of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium in soil

Both earthworms and plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are ubiquitous and important for promoting circulation of plant macronutrients. Two series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of earthworm casts and activities on the growth of PGPR, and the inoculation of earthworms and PGPR on the availability of N, P, and K in soils, respectively. During a short incubation period (0–34 h), the extracts of earthworm (Pheretima guillelmi)‐worked soil significantly (p < 0.05) increased the abundance of the three species of PGPR, including N‐fixing bacteria (NFB) (Azotobacter chroococcum HKN‐5), phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Bacillus megaterium HKP‐1), and K‐solubilizing bacteria (KSB) (B. mucilaginous HKK‐1), in Luria‐Bertani (LB) broth. There were synergistic effects of dual inoculation of earthworms and PGPR on increasing the concentrations of NH$ _4^+ $ ‐N, (NO$ _3^- $ + NO$ _2^- $ )‐N, NaHCO₃‐extractable P, and NH₄OAc‐extractable K in the corresponding soils. Bioavailable N (the sum of NH$ _4^+ $ ‐N and [NO$ _3^- $ + NO$ _2^- $ ]‐N) in the dual inoculation was 4 to 24 times those inoculated with earthworms or NFB alone, respectively. The significantly higher concentrations of bioavailable N and P in the dual inoculation of earthworms and NFB or PSB may be due to the higher abundance of PGPR and/or higher activities of urease and acid phosphatase than those of single inoculation of NFB or PSB, respectively. Dual inoculation of earthworms and PGPR would be most effective in reducing the need for chemical fertilizers in agriculture.