施钾对夏玉米子粒发育过程中糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

选用高淀粉玉米品种费玉3号及低淀粉玉米品种豫玉22为材料,研究了钾肥不同用量对玉米开花后子粒淀粉积累、淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响;分析不同处理对直、支链淀粉含量的影响以及淀粉合成关键酶活性与直、支链淀粉积累的关系。结果表明,施K2O 225kg/hm2的处理显著比不施钾肥处理提高了两品种子粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPG-PPase）的活性与尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （UDPG-PPase）,显著提高了费玉3号子粒中可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS） 的活性;施钾降低了豫玉22子粒SSS、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）的活性。施K2O 225kg/hm2提高了两品种穗位叶蔗糖含量和蔗糖合成能力,促进了子粒淀粉的合成;显著提高子粒直链、支链及总淀粉含量及积累速率,收获时总淀粉含量分别提高13.6%和8.2%,施钾更容易提高费玉3号子粒淀粉含量。中、高量钾提高了高淀粉玉米费玉3号子粒可溶性糖含量,有利于淀粉的合成;而对低淀粉玉米豫玉22子粒可溶性糖含量没有显著影响。除可溶性糖含量外,品种与施钾的交互作用对以上各指标的影响均达到显著性水平。     

Effects of Stem-Injected Plant Growth Regulators, with or without Sucrose, on Grain Production, Biomass and Photosynthetic Activity of Field-Grown Corn Plants

Study of plant growth regulators (PGRs) through conventional foliar application or tissue culture or other organic materials has limitations. No previous study has examined the effects of long-term continuous addition of PGRs, with or without sucrose, to field-grown corn ( Zea mays L.) plants. A field study was conducted to determine the effects on corn plant growth and productivity during the grain-filling period of a continuous supply of PGRs, with or without sucrose, using a recently developed injection technique to deliver pressurized solutions through syringe needles sealed to the stem with latex. Our four PGRs (IAA, ABA, ethephon and salicylic acid) and a distilled water control, and two levels of sucrose (150 g l⁻¹ and a distilled water control) were injected into corn plants for 42 consecutive days during the grain-filling period. The plants injected with solutions not containing sucrose took up 42 ml more than those injected with sucrose-containing solutions. Corn plants injected with salicylic acid (SA) produced 9 % more grain yield than plants injected with no PGRs. The combination of SA and sucrose increased the photosynthetic rate by 42 % when compared with distilled water. Injection of ethephon resulted in an 11 % reduction in grain yield. Neither IAA nor ABA altered plant photosynthesis or productivity. Sucrose injection increased the dry weight of injected internodes and stover, and induced partial stomatal closure, although without any measurable effect on net photosynthetic rate. This study showed that stem injection makes possible the study of changes in plant physiology during grain-filling due to the effects of PGRs and metabolites administered continuously over protracted periods of time. It also demonstrated a previously undocumented stimulation of plant photosynthesis and grain yield by SA.     

嫁接砧木对西瓜果实糖分积累及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

【目的】研究在果实发育过程中嫁接西瓜糖分积累及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化,探讨不同砧木影响果实品质的机理。【方法】采用优质中小型西瓜早佳为接穗和对照,丝瓜、南瓜(铁木真)、葫芦(昌砧力士F1)、野生西瓜1号、野生西瓜2号为砧木,测定嫁接和对照西瓜果实在发育过程中果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖的含量以及与蔗糖积累相关酶的活性。【结果】与对照相比,野生西瓜2号/早佳组合的果实糖积累极显著增高,而其他嫁接组合的糖积累均降低,丝瓜/早佳组合的果实糖含量最低;自根和嫁接西瓜果实发育过程中蔗糖转化酶(Inv)活性降低,蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性升高,蔗糖合酶(SS)在西瓜果实发育后期主要起合成作用,促进果实蔗糖积累,蔗糖代谢相关酶净活性值增大。在整个果实发育过程中,Inv、SPS、SS共同作用于嫁接西瓜和自根西瓜果实的糖分积累及构成;嫁接和对照西瓜果实以己糖积累为主,蔗糖积累为辅。【结论】砧木不同,西瓜果实的糖分积累量也不同,其中野生西瓜2号对早佳西瓜品质影响最小,可以作为优良的嫁接砧木在生产实践中应用。     

High frequency of plant regeneration from anther culture in flax, Linum usitatissimum L.

The effects of induction medium compositions on flax anther culture were investigated in order to improve the efficiency of callus induction and plant regeneration. Anthers were inoculated onto the modified MS medium supplemented with five different combinations of plant growth regulators. The medium containing the combination of 2mg/l 2,4- dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg/1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) produced a significantly higher number of calli forming shoots/100 responded anthers and a significant increase in overall efficiency of regeneration than the same basal medium containing 1 mg/1 a-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) and 2 mg/1 BAP (CK). Among the five levels of thiamin hydrochloride tested, the modified MS medium containing 10 mg/1 thiamin hydrochloride significantly increased the number of calli forming shoots/100 responded anthers and the overall efficiency of regeneration compared with the same basal medium containing 0.1 mg/1 thiamin hydrochloride. Maltose concentration had a significant effect on the percentage of anthers producing call, the number of calli forming shoots/100 responded anthers and the overall efficiency of regeneration. The medium containing 6% or 9% maltose produced the highest overall efficiency of regeneration among the five levels of maltose evaluated. Sucrose concentration significantly affected the number of calli forming shoots/100 responded anthers and the overall efficiency of regeneration, and dramatically affected the frequency of microspore-derived plants and the frequency of spontaneous chromosome doubling in microspore-derived plants. The efficiency of doubled haploid line production obtained in this study appears adequate for applied breeding programmes.     

Genetic parameters of several biochemical compounds from green coffee, Coffea canephora

A factorial crossing scheme of Cofflea canephora (two parents from the Congolese group crossed to 14 parents of the Guinean group) was used to evaluate genetic parameters of several biochemical compounds, bean weight and crop outturn (ration of dry bean weight 10 fresh berry weight). For most characters studied, additive genetic effects were preponderant. Narrow-sense heritability was high for caffeine content (h²_ns= 0.80), fat matter content (h²_ns, = 0.74), bean weight (h²_ns= 0.73) and crop outturn (h²_ns= 1). It was intermediate for trigonelline (h²_ns= 0.38) and chlorogenic acid (h²_ns= 0.36) content. Only sucrose content had a low narrow-sense heritability (h²_ns=0.11). There were few genetic and enviromnental correlations, Consequences for breeding, in relation to coffee drinking quality, are discussed.     

杉木蔗糖转运蛋白SUT基因的克隆和功能分析

蔗糖转运蛋白又称蔗糖-质子共转运蛋白，简称SUT(sucrose transporter)或者SUC(sucrose carriers)，主要担负植物光合产物——蔗糖的跨膜运输与分配调控，在植物体内完成使蔗糖从“源”到“库”的运输。采用CTAB法提取杉木总RNA，通过RT-PCR得到cDNA，设计基因特异性引物，从1年生无性系杉木幼苗嫩叶中克隆SUT基因，并利用生物信息学方法分析SUT的基本结构、进化关系、理化性质。结果表明，在电泳图上总RNA的结构完整，28 S的亮度约为18 S的2倍；A260/A280为2.20，A260/A230为2.31；杉木SUT基因编码区全长为1 782 bp，共编码593个氨基酸，是具有SUT基因家族的典型12个跨膜区；通过系统进化树的分析发现，杉木SUT与无油樟SUT的亲缘性较高，SUT蛋白属于疏水性蛋白。     

Enzymatic degradation of FODMAPS via application of β-fructofuranosidases and α-galactosidases- A fundamental study

Cereals and pulses often contribute to the intake of Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs) due to high amounts of fructans or galactooligosaccharides (GOS). FODMAPs can trigger symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and therefore, the development of foods and beverages with a lower FODMAP-content are favourable for IBS patients. Enzyme technology is a promising tool to reduce the FODMAP-content in foods and to maintain product quality. This fundamental study investigates the efficiency of invertase, inulinase, and α-galactosidase as potential food additives to reduce the total FODMAP content of food ingredients. Extracts of high FODMAP ingredients, such as wheat and lentil, and standard solutions of various fructans and GOS were incubated with invertase, inulinase and α-galactosidase for 1 h and 2 h. Contents of oligosaccharides before and after treatment and related IBS-triggering reaction products were quantified using ion chromatography. Inulinase showed a high degradation yield (over 90% of degradation) for both GOS and fructans. For invertase only low degradation yields were measured. α-Galactosidase showed the highest efficiency in decomposing GOS (100% of degradation) and led to non-IBS triggering degradation products. This indicates a high potential for a combined inulinase/α-galactosidase treatment for products containing both fructans and GOS.     

7个月季品种花粉活力的测定

采用悬滴液发芽法测定花粉活力,研究不同蔗糖浓度、贮藏温度对7个月季品种花粉活力的影响,为月季资源评价及育种利用提供参考依据.结果表明:月季花粉在含有蔗糖15％、20％、25％的培养基中发芽能力不同,以15％蔗糖浓度下活力最高,7个品种活力为32.4％～47.1％,20％～25％蔗糖浓度下很少发芽或不发芽.常温下月季品种花粉活力从高到低依次为赤阳、桑格尔总统、荣光、粉和平、黄和平、天堂、绯扇,其中赤阳、桑格尔总统、荣光活力较强,散粉后1d花粉活力分别为47.1％、45.5％、40.2％.常温存放4d,7个品种的花粉活力分别降为7.2％、8.0％、8.2％、5.3％、5.0％、7.1％、7.0％,5d后花粉完全失活.采用0～5℃恒温冰箱冷藏的花粉活力可以保持10 d.     

草莓果实中脱落酸受体基因FaABAR/CHLH表达变化及其影响因素分析

 为了探讨脱落酸调控草莓果实成熟的信号识别机制,以‘北农香’草莓花后1 ~ 4周的果实为试材,在克隆脱落酸受体基因FaABAR/CHLH的基础上,通过荧光定量PCR研究了果实发育过程中该基因表达量的变化及其影响因素。结果表明,草莓果实中脱落酸受体FaABAR/CHLH基因编码一个含有1 381个氨基酸的蛋白,且该蛋白含有一个金属离子螯合酶H亚基超家族保守区。在果实发育的前期（小绿、大绿和浅绿果期）,FaABAR/CHLH基因表达量维持较高水平;随着果实的加速褪绿,其表达量迅速降低,至白果期降到最低点;随着果实着色启动,其表达量又迅速上升。ABA和高pH能促进FaABAR/CHLH基因在转录水平上的表达,而蔗糖则抑制该基因转录水平。草莓果实中脱落酸受体基因FaABAR/CHLH表达水平的变化进一步揭示了ABA在调控果实成熟中的重要作用。