矿区复垦对土壤养分和酶活性以及微生物数量的影响

[目的]研究矿区复垦对土壤养分和酶活性以及微生物的影响,并揭示其时空演变规律。[方法]以安徽省庐江钒矿区碳质页岩风化物区域的复垦土壤为对象,采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对矿区复垦下的土壤养分、酶活性及微生物数量展开调查。[结果]随着复垦年限的增加,土壤电导率、含水量和全盐含量均明显增加,土壤容重、pH值和总孔隙度则明显降低;随着复垦年限的增加,土壤全钾和有效钾含量均降低,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮增加,而全磷和有效磷并没有明显的变化趋势,其中土壤微生物量的变化幅度最大,对复垦的响应最为敏感;随着复垦年限的增加,矿区土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物数量均有所增加,但其增加幅度逐渐减小,细菌数量处于绝对优势地位,占到微生物总数的99.3%以上;随着土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性、微生物数量和土壤养分均呈降低趋势,表现出明显的"表聚性",同层相比,基本呈现出:60a40a20a5a规律,局部有所波动。[结论]矿区复垦能够改善土壤质量和土壤肥力;矿区复垦过程中通过影响土壤微生物活动和代谢进而影响土壤养分及酶活性,同时土壤微生物与养分和酶活性等地下生态指标之间在复垦过程中具有统一性。     

东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机质含量及其与主要养分的关系

对东祁连山金强河河谷轻度、中度、重度退化高寒草甸土壤有机质含量变化及其与土壤全磷、全氮、速效磷、速效氮含量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：随着退化程度的加重,020 cm层土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷含量均不断下降,全磷含量呈现出先降后升但总体呈下降的趋势,但速效氮含量则不断上升,各养分的变化差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。在划分的轻度退化草地土壤中,有机质含量分别与全磷、全氮、速效磷、速效氮含量之间均不存在显著的相关关系(P>0.05),另外所划分的中度退化和重度退化草地也同样如此。但是通过把3个不同程度退化草地结合起来作为整体进行综合分析,结果表明,除了全磷,土壤有机质含量分别与全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量三者之间存在极显著的相关关系(P<0.01)。在较大尺度上,有机质可以作为土壤营养状况的主要判断指标。在研究高寒草地土壤养分状况及其综合评价中,要特别注意其时空异质性,要重视尺度问题。     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Microbial biomass C (MBC) is one of the soil properties used as an indicator for the fertility status of a soil. A study was conducted on a semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. The field was planted with spring wheat and mulched with plastic film for various lengths of time. Our primary objectives were to (i) explore the influence of film mulching on soil MBC and soil fertility, and (ii) seek an effective approach of maintaining and improving sustainability of cropland mulched with plastic film in two growing seasons. Four treatments were tested, non-mulching (M0), mulching for 30 days after sowing (M30), mulching for 60 DAS (M60) and mulching for the whole growing period (Mw). An increasing air temperature with time within the growing season promoted soil MBC in the two growing seasons, but a severe drought led to a lower MBC in 2000 compared with the wet year of 1999. Film mulching promoted MBC significantly in the 2 years, but decreased soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is very low in the experimental soil, accounting for the higher MBC/SOC ratio compared with ratios reported by others. The SOC is greatly reduced in the non-mulched and the Mw treatments compared to the M30 and M60 treatments. In conclusion, the benefits of film mulching in semi-arid agricultural systems are enormous but realizing their full potential depends on how long the mulching material is maintained during the growing season. In the system tested, it is desirable to mulch the plots for 30-60 DAS in order to enhance microbial biomass and cycling of nutrients and also to provide a more stable soil micro-environment that generates more residues in the rhizosphere.     

Changes in the chemical composition of water percolating through the soil profile in a moderately polluted catchment

Throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), soil solution below the organic layer (SS_org) and at 50 cm depth (SS₅₀), and output with stream water (SW) were measured and analyzed for four years in a moderately polluted forest catchment in southern Poland. The input of water with stemflow was ca. 6% of input with TF. However, due to higher concentrations of most ions in SF, the input of most elements with SF was from 8% to 9%. Sulphate (SO₄ ^2–), chloride (Cl^–) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) were the only ions steadily increasing in concentrations in water percolating through the soil profile. Nitrogen reached the forest floor mainly as ammonium (NH₄ ⁺). In the soil organic layer the NH₄ ⁺ concentration decreased, while concentrations of nitrate (NO₃ ^–) and hydrogen (H⁺) increased, probably due to nitrification. For NO₃ ^–, sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺), the highest concentrations were found in SS_org and SW. This indicates both efficient cycling in the biotic pool of the ecosystem and intensive weathering processes in the mineral soil below the plant rooting zone. The latter was especially pronounced for Mg and Ca. Concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were the highest in SS_org and SS₅₀. As this was accompanied by a low pH and constant input of H⁺, NH₄ ⁺ and heavy metal ions to the catchment area, it may pose a serious threat to forest health.     

脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥提高番茄产量及NPK养分吸收

为提高番茄肥料的利用效率,该文采用恒温培养和土培试验研究了自制番茄专用缓释肥（special slow-realease fertilizer for tomato,TSRF1和TSRF2）在酸、中、碱性土中的氮素释放特性以及对番茄产量、NPK养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在3种不同土壤中,氮素释放累积量均表现为普通复合肥（ordinary compound fertilizer,OCF）>商品缓释肥（commercial slow-release fertilizer,MSRF）>自制专用肥（special compound fertilizer for tomato,TCF）>自制专用缓释肥1（TSRF1）>自制专用缓释肥2（TSRF2）,且各施肥处理在3种不同土壤类型上的氮素累积释放量大小表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。在整个培养期,各施肥处理在3种不同土壤中氮素相对累积释放率大小总体表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土,且土壤中不同形态氮素累积量均是铵态氮大于硝态氮。铵态氮、硝态氮的累积量大小也表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。不同形态氮在3种土壤中的累积释放量动态释放以一级动力学方程拟合最好（r=0.963～0.998）。采用一级动力学方程,不同形态氮素的最大释放量表现为总N>NH4+-N>NO3--N,这与土壤中各形态氮素养分的累积释放特性变化规律表现一致。在土培试验中,两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）显著提高了番茄果实干物质量,较TCF、MSRF和OCF处理分别增加了18.18%、7.24%、31.40%和13.45%、2.96%、26.15%,且番茄产量在各处理之间的差异达到显著水平。各处理对氮素的积累量大小顺序为TSRF2>TSRF1>MSRF>TCF>OCF,对磷的吸收上表现为TSRF1>TSRF2>MSRF>TCF> OCF,钾素吸收积累量的趋势与氮素基本相同。与普通复合肥相比,两种专用缓释肥处理的N、P、K利用率分别增加了10.66%、20.53%和18.62%（TSRF1）,14.94%、18.48%和21.95%（TSRF2）。两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）在抑制剂的作用下,能够延缓肥料中N素养分的释放,增加番茄植株对氮磷钾养分的吸收,从而提高了NPK养分利用率和番茄产量。     

川中丘陵区不同利用方式的土壤养分特征研究

通过实地调查、土壤采样分析和数理统计结合的方法，对川中丘陵区5种土地利用方式（水田、旱地、菜地、林地和荒草地）的土壤养分状况进行对比分析，结果表明．土地利用方式对土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量的影响达极显著（或显著）水平；在5种土地利用方式中．土壤有机质和全氮含量由高到低的顺序为：水田〉林地〉菜地〉旱地〉荒草地；土壤全钾和速效钾含量由高到低的顺序为：水田〉菜地〉旱地〉林地〉荒草地；土壤全磷含量由高到低的顺序为：菜地〉旱地〉林地〉水田〉荒草地。     

氮磷等比与以磷定氮条件下玉米的最大施肥量研究

以前的研究已认识到种植玉米的土壤具有平衡与不平衡的土壤养分供应类型,因而其高产施肥需要相应的养分配比。本研究以养分平衡供应的山西石灰性褐土为对象,按照同步增加氮磷用量和以磷定氮等两种施肥量确定方法设置氮磷施肥量,探讨高产玉米的最大施肥量和最佳施肥比例。研究表明,氮磷等比施肥下玉米最大施氮量较以磷定氮增大46 kg hm-2,产量增加738 kg hm-2;而玉米最佳施氮量较以磷定氮增加39 kg hm-2,产量增加723 kg hm-2。氮磷等比施肥下最佳施氮量氮素的增产效益极大。试验说明氮磷施用比例是影响玉米最大施氮量及其肥效的重要因素。在供试的氮磷养分平衡供应条件下同步增加氮磷用量可以得到两者统一的玉米高产最佳施肥量点。本研究提出,根据土壤养分平衡供应特征调整施肥养分比例可能是作物高产施肥且提高肥料利用率的途径。     

Determination of Plant-Available Nutrients in Two Wood Ashes: The Influence of Combustion Conditions

Wood ashes were traditionally used as a fertilizing agent from the very beginning of working land but the fertilizing quality varies according to the combusted biomass and also the industrial burning equipment. The differences between wood ash originated from fluid and classic boiler were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Mehlich 3 and deionized water extraction procedures in relation to extraction time. The results, especially of the SEM and chemical extractions, have demonstrated that the type of burning boiler determines the portions of the leachable nutrient elements. The silica and alumina ash content conducted by the elevated temperature transforms the main proportion of calcium and potassium into the insoluble feldspars. Due to this effect only a small amount of nutrients could be released and served as a fertilizing matter.     

Alternative Potash Fertilizer Source for Millet Crop

Millet is a grass that responds to potassium fertilization and Alfa 01 and Alfa 02 are potential sources of this nutrient. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of as potassium sources by measuring accumulation of this nutrient in millet. The crop was grown in Ustoxic Quartzipsamment (RQo) soil. The experiment was set up in randomized blocks with three repetitions. The treatments consisting of three sources (KCl, Alfa 02, Alfa 01), two rates (200 and 400 kg ha^?1 K₂O) and with no K fertilization (control). Potassium chloride was used as the standard to which the other sources of potassium were compared. Two consecutive crops of millet were grown in the same pots. The first crop received potassium source application but not the second. At the end of experiment, shoot dry matter production, shoot potassium concentration, shoot accumulated potassium, soil potassium and relative agronomic efficiency were determined. The relative agronomic efficiency, calculated from crops, was 100% for KCl, was 84% for Alfa 02 and was 11% for Alfa 01. In the shoot dry matter production and accumulated potassium only Alfa 01 was not statistically different of control. Millet absorbed potassium from the Alfa 02 source in both the first and second crops.     

大棚设施土壤养分和重金属状况研究

对山东寿光不同棚龄大棚土壤速效N、P、K及重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量调查表明:随大棚棚龄的增加,速效N、P含量有显著的增加,其增加量与棚龄呈极显著正相关,速效K含量增加幅度不大,即N、P、K施用不均衡;重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量随大棚棚龄的增加有一定的增加,Cd含量没有明显的规律性,但这几项重金属含量均比农田含量要高,表明在大棚高强度施肥及人为活动影响下,引入了重金属;农田及大棚重金属含量均较土壤背景值有一定程度的增加,但未超出国家环境质量标准。