雪里见中草酸钙针晶形态结构与含量

利用显微镜和电镜观察雪里见(Arisaema rhizom C.E.C.Fisch)中草酸钙针晶的形态,并采用RP-HPLC法测定草酸钙的含量。结果表明,草酸钙针晶细长,具有尖锐的针尖;草酸在0.099 64~1.992 80g/L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 3);平均回收率为100.23%,RSD为1.52%。草酸钙针晶显微结构与同科植物的基本相同,建立的含量测定方法操作简便,结果可靠,重复性好,可作为雪里见药材质量控制的方法。     

‘秦冠’和‘富士’质地差异的解剖学观察及相关酶活性研究

以质地品质差异明显的2个苹果品种‘富士’和‘秦冠’为试材,观察发育过程中果肉细胞显微结构,测定果实的脆度和硬度及细胞壁相关代谢酶和淀粉酶(AM)的活性,并进行相关性分析,找出导致这2个品种质地差异的关键因素。结果表明:1花后85d前,2个品种的果肉细胞大小相似,而在花后85d时,‘富士’果肉细胞明显增大,显著大于‘秦冠’果肉细胞,并且在花后115d时细胞又一次显著增大。而‘秦冠’果肉细胞仅在花后100d时显著增大,此后增长不显著。2在果实发育过程中,‘秦冠’和‘富士’的果实硬度和脆度均逐渐降低。‘富士’果实的脆度一直较‘秦冠’高。花后100d前‘富士’果实的硬度高于‘秦冠’,而花后115d至果实成熟期间均显著低于‘秦冠’。3花后115d以后‘秦冠’的果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性明显高于‘富士’,而‘富士’的β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性明显高于‘秦冠’。相关性分析表明,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和PME活性与‘秦冠’的质地呈显著负相关,而β-Gal活性与‘富士’的质地呈显著负相关。可见,随着果实生长发育,‘秦冠’和‘富士’质地品质的差异除表现在果肉细胞显微结构上外,还与一些代谢酶密切相关,PG和PME是‘秦冠’果实质地变化的关键酶,而β-Gal在‘富士’质地变化中发挥关键作用。     

Effect of sodium chloride on gluten network formation,dough microstructure and rheology in relation to breadmaking

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an essential ingredient to control the functional properties of wheat dough and bread quality. This study investigated the effect of NaCl at 0, 1 and 2%, (w/w, flour base) on the gluten network formation during dough development, the dough rheology, and the baking characteristics of two commercial flours containing different levels of protein (9.0 and 13.5%) and with different glutenin-to-gliadin ratios. Examination of the dough structure by confocal microscopy at different stages of mixing show that the gluten network formation was delayed and the formation of elongated fibril protein structure at the end of dough development when NaCl was used. The fibril structure of protein influenced the dough strength, as determined by strain hardening coefficient and hardening index obtained from the large deformation extension measurements. NaCl had a greater effect on enhancing the strength of dough prepared from the low protein flour compared to those from the high protein flour. The effect of NaCl on loaf volume and crumb structure of bread followed a similar trend. These results indicate that the effect of NaCl on dough strength and bread quality may be partially compensated by choosing flour with an appropriate amount and quality of gluten protein.     

Influences of Y on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-12Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr magnesium alloys

To develop Mg-Gd-Y based high-strength alloys and widen the application of magnesium alloys, the effects of Y addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-12Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr alloy are investigated by using both optical and electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction (XRD),differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis,and tensile test．The results indicate that adding 2%Y to the Mg-12Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr alloy does not cause an obvious change in the as-cast microstructure of the alloy. However,after adding 3%and 4%Y,the as-cast microstructure of the alloy is coarsened,and simultaneously the morphology of the secondary phases in the alloy is changed from the initial discontinuous fine network to thick skeleton-like frame. Furthermore,adding 2%-4%Y to the Mg-12Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr alloy can also refine the grains of the as-extruded alloy,and adding 2%and 3%Y can obtain higher refining efficiency than adding 4%Y. In addition,adding 2%-4%Y to the Mg-12Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr alloy can also effectively improve the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the as-extruded alloy,and the ultimate tensile strength,yield strength and elongation of the as-extruded alloy with the addition of 2%Y can reach 348.8 MPa,256.8 MPa and 14.7%,respectively.     

稻谷热风辅助射频干燥工艺及相关品质研究

新型热风辅助射频(HA-RF)技术已被证实在稻谷杀虫方面具有良好的效果,为探究其同步杀虫干燥的应用潜力,本研究重在探究HA-RF在稻谷干燥方面的效能,开发稻谷HA-RF干燥工艺并研究相关的品质变化.结果表明:极板间距为10.0 cm(射频加热速率6.10℃/min),干燥温度为60℃,样品厚度为3.0 cm时,稻谷HA-RF干燥效能最佳;HA-RF与热风(HA)干燥相比可缩短干燥时间34.6％,单位能耗也更低.此外,HA-RF与HA干燥相比对稻谷精米率、整精米率和爆腰率的影响无显著差异,但HA-RF干燥可以更好地保留维生素E,且对样品颜色和微观结构的影响也较小.该研究表明HA-RF是一种比HA干燥更加高效节能的技术,且干燥后稻谷品质更好,在稻谷同步干燥杀虫上具有一定应用潜力.     

Damage Constitutive Equation and Experiment of Layered Rock

The microcosmical study on many speciments of sedimentary rock by SEM and petrography theory show that rock is formed of microcrystalline and micropore with all kinds of forms.Therefrom the microstructure model of rock is established.Further the three dimensional nonlinear damage constitutive equation and damage evolution equation of layered rock including respective process of damage evolution,mechanical parameter,effective stresses,and unequal biaxial stress in different rocks are derived.The results of the experiment indicate that the theoretical curve is fairly close to the experimental curve.     

华山松大小蠹成虫复眼的外部形态及显微结构

【目的】对华山松大小蠹雌雄成虫复眼的外部形态和内部结构进行研究,为进一步探索华山松大小蠹感光和光选择机制提供理论基础。【方法】应用扫描电镜与透射电镜对华山松大小蠹复眼的形态结构进行观察。【结果】华山松大小蠹复眼呈长椭圆形,位于头部两侧;眼表面光滑平坦,小眼间隙被覆有感觉毛。华山松大小蠹雌、雄成虫复眼的小眼组成数目分别为238~250和187~202;雌性小眼间隙着生有角膜乳突;复眼中心区域小眼呈正六边形,边缘区域的小眼为不规则的四边形或六边形。华山松大小蠹成虫复眼具有典型的无晶锥并列像眼。华山松大小蠹成虫复眼由1个角膜、1个晶锥体、2个初级色素细胞、8个小网膜细胞和其特化的视杆、若干个次级色素细胞和基膜构成。视杆属于半集中型视杆。【结论】华山松大小蠹雌雄成虫复眼具有相同的内部结构,但雌性成虫复眼分辨能力和可见距离稍优于雄性成虫。     

光镜及扫描电镜下波纹龙虾血淋巴细胞的形态及其分类

光镜及扫描电镜下,研究波纹龙虾血淋巴细胞的组织学结构、形态学特征和数量。根据细胞质中颗粒存在与否,颗粒数量的多少,细胞体积的大小及外部形态,对波纹龙虾的血淋巴细胞进行分类。结果表明,光镜下波纹龙虾的血淋巴细胞有3种类型:无颗粒细胞,小颗粒细胞,大颗粒细胞;这3种血淋巴细胞不是连续发育过程中血淋巴细胞的不同阶段,而是彼此独立的。3种血淋巴细胞的数量占循环血淋巴细胞总量的比例分别为:无颗粒细胞占57.1%,大颗粒细胞占24.9%,小颗粒细胞占18.0%;在扫描电镜下,细胞表面不平,有各种突起,揭示细胞具有活跃的变形运动和吞噬能力。血淋巴细胞形态有球形、卵圆形和椭圆形。     

兰州市安宁区桃畸果病病原鉴定和受害桃芽及果实显微组织观察

试验对兰州市安宁区桃畸果病害的发病原因和受害桃芽及果实组织结构变化进行了研究.结果表明:危害兰州市安宁区桃畸果病的病原为下心瘿螨(Eriophyes catacardiae Keifer);瘿螨对桃芽和果实均产生了很大影响,2010年桃芽受害率为52.9%,2011年为61.9%,严重时高达76%.受害桃芽干瘪瘦小,芽鳞片层数增加1~2层,严重的出现芽体坏死现象;对桃芽显微组织观察发现受害桃芽叶原基受损,严重的无叶原基,失去萌芽能力,在芽体鳞片内侧、苞片及幼叶间可见大量的寄生虫体取食为害;对果实形态及组织观察发现,受害果实表面出现不同程度深绿色凹陷,畸形部位桃毛密度和桃毛长度均高于正常果实;显微切片观察表明,受害果实细胞易于染色,细胞排列紧密,畸形果实细胞小于正常果实,畸形果实细胞直径为58μm,正常果实为102μm.     

A study of spring-and autumn-spawned herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae in the Norwegian Coastal Current during spring 1990

An intensive sampling program for yolk-sac herring larvae and microzooplankton was carried out in the main spawning area of Norwegian spring-spawning herring during March to April 1990 (between 62^o and 63^o30'N) to estimate their hatching period and the abundance of copepod eggs and nauplii. Additional investigations were carried out in the Skagerrak area during January-March and on the Norwegian Shelf in May to study the otolith microstructure of the herring larvae. In May both autumn- and spring-spawned herring larvae were found in the samples from the Norwegian Shelf. They were easily distinguished by differences in otolith microstructure. The pattern in increment widths in the otoliths of the autumn-spawned larvae indicated that these larvae had not been transported through the Skagerrak area, but more likely were carried directly from the northern North Sea across the Norwegian Trench and into the Norwegian Coastal Current system. The calculated hatching of the spring-spawned larvae sampled in May occurred significantly later than the observed hatching over the spawning grounds. The results suggest a mismatch between the abundance of first-feeding herring larvae and their prey organisms, resulting in a higher survival of those herring larvae hatching during the latest part of the spawning period. This coincides with a general increase towards the middle of April in the abundance of prey organisms, from 1 to 4 1^_1. There were no differences in otolith microstructure among spring-spawned herring larvae sampled on the shelf in May, indicating that these larvae originated from the same cohort and were well mixed throughout the whole shelf area.