A microcosm study on the respiration and weight loss in birch litter and raw humus as influenced by soil fauna

Summary The effect of diverse soil fauna (Collembola, Acari, Enchytraeidae, Nematoda) on decomposition of dead organic matter was studied in microcosms containing (1) birch leaf litter, (2) raw humus of coniferous forest and (3) litter on humus. Total respiration (CO₂ evolution) was monitored weekly, and mass loss, length of fungal hyphae (total and metabolically active) and survival of animal populations were checked at the end of weeks 12 and 21–22 from the start of experiment. Animal populations established themselves well during the incubation. At the end of the experiment some replicates containing litter had microarthropod densities of up to 500 specimens per microcosm, corresponding to a field population of 200 000 m^–2. The soil animals had a positive influence on total respiration in all substrates. By the end of experiment 32.0%, 22.6% and 14.6% more CO₂ had evolved in the presence of animals in litter, litter + humus and humus alone, respectively. There was clear trend towards a higher mass loss in the presence of animals, though it was significant in litter only. Our results showed that a diverse soil animal community enhances the activity of soil microbes, and may thereby accelerate decomposition in raw coniferous forest soil.     

土壤中钙结合和铁铝结合腐殖质的组成及结构特征

Calcium-bound and iron- and aluminium-bound humus extracted from different soils collected from north to south of China were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Meaningful differences in the composition and structure between them were revealed by ¹³C NMR, visible spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Results showed that the contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were higher in iron- and aluminium-bound humus than in calcium-bound humus while oxygen content in calcium-bound humus was shown to be higher. The calcium-bound humus had higher C/N and O/C ratios than iron- and aluminium-bound humus. The calcium-bound humic acid (HA1) showed higher E₄/E₆ ratios than iron- and aluminum-bound humic acid (HA2) while iron- and aluminum-bound fulvic acid (FA2) showed higher E₄/E₆ ratios than calcium-bound fulvic acid (FA1). An inverse relationship between E₄/E₆ ratios and aromaticity as determined by ¹³C NMR spectra was observed for HA and FA from black soil. The ¹³C NMR spectroscopy revealed that HA2 was more aromatic than HA1. On the other hand, FA1 exhibited a higher aromaticity than FA2.     

Evaluation of the soil fauna impact on decomposition in a simulated coniferous forest soil

Summary Long-term experiments (ca. 2 years) were carried out in laboratory systems that simulated the complexity of a coniferous forest floor. The test materials were partially sterilized by freezing and thawing, and reinoculated with (1) microbes alone or (2) microbes with fauna. Removable microcosms containing birch litter, spruce litter, or humus were inserted into a humus substrate. Two experiments used organic matter only, and another included a layer of mineral soil below the humus. Both were incubated in climate chambers that simulated both summer and winter conditions. The evolution of CO₂ was measured at regular intervals. In order to determine the C content of the leachates, the macrocosms and the microcosms were watered periodically.Soil fauna significantly increased respiration in the litter, but not in the microcosms containing humus. In the later phases of decomposition the presence of fauna had a negative effect. In the total systems the fauna consistently increased the respiration rate. The loss of mass was greater in the presence of fauna, especially during the middle phases (5–11 months), but it was higher in the controls later.Throughout the whole incubation period the decomposition rate was strongly influenced by the composition of the animal community. The interpretation of the results is affected by the fact that the controls, to which no fauna had been added, contained dense populations of microbial feeders (nematodes, rotifers, and protozoans).     

Humus balances of different farm production systems in main production areas in Austria

The importance of the soil humus content is indisputable. Soil humus plays an important role in preserving soil fertility and exerts great influence on plant production and yield potential. However, proofing that management‐related changes in the stock of soil organic matter (SOM) have taken place against the background of spatial and temporal variation is a difficult task. In most cases, sampling over a long period of time is needed to verify these changes. Alternatively, potential changes in the SOM stock can be estimated using humus balancing models, which help to identify the need for humus reproduction on a farm. In general, a humus balance is the difference between the humus demand of cultivated crops and humus supply through crops and organic fertilizers. In this study, the ‘Dynamic Humus Unit Method' within the modelling program REPRO was applied to calculate the humus balance for 29 model‐farms that are representative of most of the agricultural production in Austria. Each model‐farm represents a specific production type (PT) and farming system in a defined region or main production area (MPA). This approach gives an overview of the humus balances at a large scale and allows a general trend in Austria to be estimated. Besides differing between conventional and organic farming systems, specific site conditions can also be selected in the model. The constructed model‐farms belong to different PTs such as “forage production”, “cash crops”, “refinement”, and “permanent crops”. The PT “permanent crops” refers to the cultivation of wine. The cropping system of each PT was analyzed in detail, while livestock keeping was considered only when applicable. Positive humus balances were found for all PTs except for permanent crops. The results ranged from –122 to 890 kg C ha^?1 y^?1. Regions and farm structure, e.g., forage production compared to cash crop, were found to have a greater influence than the kind of farming system (i.e., organic vs. conventional farming). Comparing the different PTs, forage production had the highest positive humus balances (219 to 890 kg C ha^?1 y^?1), followed by cash crop (24 to 239 kg C ha^?1 y^?1), refinement (–64 to 402 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and permanent crops (–122 to –38 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Regarding the farming system, organic farming led to more humus accumulation than conventional farming due to a higher share of fodder legumes and catch crops and more diverse crop rotations. The results were within the range of available empirical data on SOM change, and it was therefore concluded that the results are reasonable. In general, humus reproduction can be regarded as sufficient for agricultural production.     

黑土长期定位原状土搬迁对土壤腐殖质结合形态的影响

为了明确遭到环境和土体变化时土壤腐殖质的变化情况,调查了黑土长期定位试验站原状土搬迁前(2008年)和搬迁后(2013年)4个典型处理(马粪+氮磷钾、马粪、氮磷钾、不施肥)的腐殖质结合形态的变化。结果表明:有机碳与重组碳呈极显著正相关,各处理间的规律表现为马粪+氮磷钾氮磷钾马粪不施肥,搬迁前后规律一致。各处理的原土复合量高低顺序为马粪+氮磷钾马粪氮磷钾不施肥;原土复合度高低顺序为马粪+氮磷钾马粪氮磷钾不施肥。搬迁后各处理原土复合量和原土复合度均有降低的趋势,变化幅度以马粪+氮磷钾处理最大。对比各处理搬迁前后松结态腐殖质相对含量变化不大,主要表现在稳结态腐殖质的降低和紧结态腐殖质的升高上,以马粪+氮磷钾处理的变异幅度最小,为0.2%~2.5%,马粪处理的变异幅度次之4.5%~6.0%,不施肥处理变异幅度最大为10.5%~20.0%。说明长期合理施肥,特别是有机无机肥配合施用,不仅能够活化土壤腐殖质,同时,还能在土壤遭到环境及土体变化时,提升增加土壤对外界环境的缓冲能力。     

邓恩桉林土壤腐殖质对模拟硫、氮复合沉降的响应

为探究红壤地区人工林生态系统对酸沉降的响应机制,依据二次正交回归旋转组合设计原理,于2009年7月对邓恩桉人工幼龄林进行模拟硫、氮复合沉降试验,研究1 a模拟沉降后邓恩桉林下红壤团粒腐殖质成分状况。单因素方差分析(ANOVA)显示,17组样地中,<0.25 mm粒级土壤腐殖质、胡敏酸、富里酸含碳量差异达0.05显著水平;0.25-1 mm粒级土壤胡敏素含碳量、胡敏酸与富里酸含碳量比值(胡富比)差异达0.05显著水平;1-2 mm粒级土壤腐殖质各成分差异均达0.05不显著水平。选择以上5组差异显著成分进行分析和建模,结果表明,与空白对照组相比,腐殖质、胡敏酸、富里酸、胡敏素含碳量降低,胡富比先升高后降低。硫、氮沉降对以上5种腐殖质成分主效应存在差异,硫、氮沉降交互作用均不显著。研究表明,硫、氮沉降对腐殖质影响以单一效应为主,土壤肥力受硫、氮沉降影响先升高后降低,分界点对应的实际沉降量分别为20.02、63.70 kg·hm-2·a-1。     

椴树红松林腐殖质与土壤表层真菌群落结构研究

采用＂之＂字形路线在小兴安岭丰林自然保护区椴树红松林的腐殖质层和土壤表层真菌进行取样调查。采用稀释平板法,选用马铃薯琼脂和孟加拉红培养基分别进行真菌的分离,并用马铃薯琼脂培养基进行纯化培养,共得到428个真菌菌落,进一步分离、纯化后获得67个真菌菌株。分别采用麦芽汁琼脂、查氏琼脂、马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基进行不同属真菌的培养和鉴定,共鉴定出27属58种。结果表明：青霉属、木霉属为小兴安岭森林腐殖质层真菌的优势种群,不同月份之间腐殖质中可培养的真菌种类和数量具有一定差异,7月份真菌属和种的数量最多。     

红松人工林腐殖质组成及其结合形态研究

 运用野外调查与实验分析相结合的方法,对不同生长发育阶段红松人工林（林龄25、45、58、68 a）和红松混交林（林龄60a）根际与非根际土壤有机质含碳量、腐殖质组成与结合形态进行了研究。结果表明:不同年龄阶段红松人工纯林、红松混交林土壤有机质含碳量、腐殖质各组分含碳量随土层深度的加深而降低,并且根际土壤高于非根际土壤。就土壤腐殖质组成而言,除林龄58a红松人工林根际土壤和45a红松人工林非根际土壤外,其他林型土壤胡敏酸含碳量均高于富里酸含碳量;胡敏酸与富里酸比值（HA/FA）在1.00～2.45之间;土壤重组腐殖质、松结态腐殖质、稳结态腐殖质含碳量大小顺序为林龄58>68>25>45a;红松混交林除紧结态腐殖质外,其他腐殖质各组分含碳量均高于红松人工林。     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究 Ⅳ.多环芳烃在土壤不同有机质组分中分配特征的研究

多环芳烃(PAHs)在土壤不同活性有机质库中的分配会影响它们在土壤中的迁移和生物有效性。本研究采用土壤有机无机复合体的分组方法,分离出以游离态有机物质存在的轻组和以有机无机复合体存在的重组,研究了15种美国环境保护署(USEPA)优控的PAHs在土壤轻组和重组以及重组结合态腐殖质不同组分中的分配特征。结果表明,轻组中PAHs总量的含量范围为1.30×104~1.07×105μg kg-1,远远高于PAHs总量的含量为221.7~297.8μg kg-1的重组。土壤中轻组的含量虽然只有0.4%~2.3%,但它结合的PAHs量却占土壤中PAHs总量的31.5%~69.5%。重组中PAHs含量主要分布在紧结态腐殖质中,占重组PAHs总量71.2%~87.2%。结合态腐殖质不同组分中PAHs的含量与它们有机碳的含量呈显著性正相关(p<0.01),紧结态腐殖质对PAHs的富集能力显著高于稳结态和松结态腐殖质。PAHs污染土壤的环境风险可能主要在于轻组结合的PAHs。     

味精废浆有机肥对西瓜根系特性与根际土壤腐殖质组成的影响

[目的]探讨味精废浆有机肥(以下简称有机肥)与化肥配施对西瓜根系吸收特性及根际腐殖质组成的影响效果。[方法]以黑彤K-8西瓜为试材,通过大田试验,研究CK(对照,不施肥);N100(纯尿素,以下简称无机肥);M10N90(有机和无机比例为10%和90%);M30N70(有机和无机比例为30%和70%)和M50N50(有机和无机比例各为50%)等处理对西瓜根系活力、建造水平、形态特征以及根际中根系分泌物含量与腐殖质组成的影响。[结果]同N100处理相比,M30N70处理明显提高了西瓜的根系活力,并促进了根系的生长;同时还显著增加了西瓜的总根长、根表面积、比根表面积、根体积和根尖数,而根系直径却明显降低,其中总根长较CK,N100,M10N90和M50N50处理分别增加74.63%,40.84%,28.41%和19.37%,比根表面积分别增加了14.39%,11.64%,6.04%和7.56%。此外,M30N70处理亦提高了根际中根系分泌物和胡敏酸的含量,并提升了胡/富比,其中胡敏酸含量分别较CK,N100和M10N90处理提高了39.42%,30.82%和20.89%。相对于M30N70处理,M10N90和M50N50处理对西瓜的影响作用较小。[结论]味精废浆有机肥与化肥以3∶7比例配施对西瓜根系吸收特性与根际腐殖质组成的作用效果最佳,建议作为生产实践中的施用比例。