石油降解菌群的构建及其对混合烃的降解特性

经富集、分离、纯化,并经选择性培养基的筛选和对总石油烃(TPH)降解能力的测试,从大庆油田石油污染土壤中获得6株分别具有环烷烃、直链烷烃和芳烃降解能力的菌株B_1、B_2、B_3、B_6、B_7和B_9。经16S r RNA基因序列比对,菌株B_1、B_2、B_6和B_7分别属于嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga sp.)、苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium sp.)、鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium sp.)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),B_3和B_9属于节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)。通过对接种比例、接种量和生长条件的优化,构建了微生物降解菌群,并采用该菌群进行混合烃污染土壤的修复。结果表明,该菌群对三类烃的去除均具有明显的促进作用。经过40 d的修复,环十二烷去除率达74.5%;100 d后,正十六烷和芘的去除率分别达56.9%和60.4%。前10 d修复过程中,各污染物降解速率最大,之后则逐渐降低,与土壤微生物多样性、数量以及活性的变化趋势相似。     

海洋沉积物中反硝化细菌的分离及去除硝酸盐氮的模拟试验

本研究从长江口沉积物中筛选分离出了海洋反硝化细菌,模拟了该细菌对不同浓度水平硝酸盐氮的去除效率。研究结果表明,分离出的海洋反硝化细菌能有效去除海水中硝酸盐氮,在硝酸盐氮初始浓度为1mg/L,1d内硝酸盐氮去除率就达到了70%;在100mg/L硝酸盐氮模拟试验中,约在一周内能将90%硝酸盐氮去除。试验证实反硝化细菌的生长与水体中硝酸盐氮浓度有一定的相关关系,一旦生物修复过程完成,反硝化细菌就会大量死亡,水体重新恢复到清澈透明状况。     

Evaluation of carrying capacity for shrimp pond culture with integrated bioremediation techniques

The integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is a semi‐artificial habitat optimization ecosystem by co‐culture species from multiple trophic levels, in which farm waste produced by species of a higher trophic level is a nutrition source for species of a lower trophic level. However, in system construction it is essential to distinguish the roles of aquaculture organisms from different trophic levels and optimize the aquaculture capacity allocation. With this objective, a carrying capacity evaluation model for shrimp culture with integrated bioremediation techniques was developed, and the efficiency to repair the aquaculture pond environment was evaluated. Scenario simulations were conducted to assess the shrimp culture capacity for optimal economic and ecological benefits. The sensitivity analysis of the model indicated that changes in bivalve biomass had no significant impacts on the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in the system, and macroalgae were more sensitive to the changes in TN than biofilters did. In conclusion, 1,500,000 Litopenaeus vannamei co‐cultured with 15,000 kg Crassostrea gigas and 1,125 kg Gracilaria lemaneiformis per hectare would bring maximum integrated benefit, and the use of integrated bioremediation techniques can make shrimp pond culture a virtuous cycle incorporating both production and restoration.     

两株高效烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性

为获得可用于石油、农药污染生物修复的高效烃降解菌,以高黏度的超稠油为唯一碳源,从大庆油井采出液中分离和筛选烃降解菌,并通过残油族组分及全烃组分的分析,拟阐明这些菌株的烃降解特性。结果表明:菌株H11和W14对黏度为普通稠油30倍的超稠油有良好的乳化分散能力,经16SrRNA基因序列比对分析,初步鉴定这2菌株均为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa,接种这2菌株后,培养液中稠油的饱和烃相对含量均降低20%以上,其中接种菌株H11后,沥青质的相对含量也降低5%;同时,H11和W14对长链烃类的降解范围较广,分别最高可作用至C26和C28碳链长度的化合物,并对烃组分有代谢利用选择性。显示了这2菌株具有良好的烃类降解能力,可为石油、农药污染物生物修复提供优良的菌种资源和应用前景。     

土壤多环芳烃污染修复技术研究进展

多环芳烃作为环境中典型的持久性有机污染物,因其毒性强、危害大而备受关注。本文从生物修复、物理修复和化学修复等方面,概述了近年来国内外土壤多环芳烃污染的主要修复技术。生物修复技术处理成本低、操作便捷、二次污染小,但修复周期长、不适用于高浓度污染土壤;物理修复和化学修复可用于高浓度污染土壤,但存在改变土壤原有结构、运行和维护成本高等缺点。针对高浓度PAHs污染土壤,首先宜采用物理和化学修复去除其中大部分污染物,再进一步利用生物修复进行无害化处理,实现污染土壤的循环利用。     

耕作模式对设施菜地根际土壤微生物群落和盐渍化的影响

为探究耕作模式对设施菜地盐渍化成因与土壤根际环境中微生物群落的分布和活性的影响,以宁波市某农业产业园区的大棚菜地和周边土壤作为取样点,选取封闭大棚地块、大棚与露天轮作地块,海边盐渍化的填海造田土,一般农业地块四种类型6个样品地上的5~15 cm浅层土,分析了不同耕种模式下根际土壤的物化性质、微生物的群落分布特性、土壤的呼吸度等特征。结果表明:不同的耕作模式下,土壤样品的有机质含量、盐分浓度、硝态氮的含量等有很大的不同。封闭空间耕作模式,有利于土壤有机质的增加,短期使用的大棚土中菌群总数和硝酸盐还原菌活度都比较高,长期使用有盐渍化现象的则活度明显降低;轮作和大田土中的硝酸盐还原菌的种类和数量明显多于大棚盐渍化土;尽管封闭体系的栽培模式有利于土壤微生物群落的增加,但土壤盐度的积累使微生物品种和能力退化,是形成土壤次生盐渍化的主要原因。在盐碱度比较大的土地环境下,封闭和露天轮作耕种设施菜地是改善根际土壤环境的良好模式。     

Assessing the oil degradation potential of endogenous micro‐organisms in tropical marine wetlands

As part of a larger study on the bioremediation of oil spills in tropical mangrove habitats, we conducted a series of flask experiments to test for the presence of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms in representative wetland habitats. Also tested was the biodegradation of selected oils (Gippsland Crude, Arabian Light Crude and Bunker C), that are transported along the Australian coast. We also tested for potential inhibition of biodegradation by natural organics in the mangrove pore waters and evaluated the ability of an oxygen release compound (ORC) to stimulate biodegradative processes. Evaporation was a significant factor in removing the light alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons from air and nitrogen sparged flasks. Evaporation removed 27% of the Gippsland, 37%of the Arabian, and 10% of the Bunker oils. Oxygen was necessary to support biodegradation as expected. The microorganisms were capable of biodegrading the nonvolatile saturate fraction of each oil. Degradation removed another 14 of the Gippsland, 30 of the Arabian, and 22 of the Bunker C oils. Normalisation of the individual aromatic hydrocarbon classes to internal triterpane biomarkers indicated some degradation of aromatics in the Arabian Light and Bunker C oils. Although alkane degradation rates were comparable in the three oils, the Gippsland oil had a higher wax content and after 14 days incubation, still contained as much as 25 of the alkanes present in the original oil. Thus, degradation of its aromatic fraction may have been delayed. Based on these results we estimate that Arabian Light Crude oil would have a shorter residence time than the other oils in mangrove sediment. It has a higher content of light hydrocarbons, which are readily removed by both physical and microbial processes. The Bunker C would be expected to have the longest residence time in mangrove sediment, because it contains a larger percentage of higher molecular weight, unresolved components. Comparison of the efficiency of inoculates from three tropical intertidal habitats (Avicennia and Rhizophora mangroves, plus salt marsh sediments) indicated the presence of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms in all three habitats. There was no known history of oil contamination in the soil source area. There was no inhibition of degradation due to addition of mangrove pore waters. The ORC did not facilitate degradation in closed laboratory experiments. These results were used to formulate a bioremediation strategy to treat oiled sediments in mangrove forests in Queensland Australia, which was based on forced aeration and nutrient addition.Evaporation was a significant factor in removing the light alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons from air and nitrogen sparged flasks. Evaporation removed 27% of the Gippsland, 37% of the Arabian, and 10% of the Bunker oils. Oxygen was necessary to support biodegradation as expected. The micro-organisms were capable of biodegrading the non-volatile saturate fraction of each oil. Degradation removed another 14% of the Gippsland, 30% of the Arabian, and 22% of the Bunker C oils. Normalisation of the individual aromatic hydrocarbon classes to internal triterpane biomarkers indicated some degradation of aromatics in the Arabian Light and Bunker C oils. Although alkane degradation rates were comparable in the three oils, the Gippsland oil had a higher wax content and after 14 days incubation, still contained as much as 25% of the alkanes present in the original oil. Thus, degradation of its aromatic fraction may have been delayed. Based on these results we estimate that Arabian Light Crude oil would have a shorter residence time than the other oils in mangrove sediment. It has a higher content of light hydrocarbons, which are readily removed by both physical and microbial processes. The Bunker C would be expected to have the longest residence time in mangrove sediment, because it contains a larger percentage of higher molecular weight, unresolved components. Comparison of the efficiency of inoculates from three tropical intertidal habitats (Avicennia and Rhizophora mangroves, plus salt marsh sediments) indicated the presence of hydrocarbon degrading micro-organisms in all three habitats. There was no known history of oil contamination in the soil source area. There was no inhibition of degradation due to addition of mangrove pore waters. The ORC did not facilitate degradation in closed laboratory experiments.These results were used to formulate a bioremediation strategy to treat oiled sediments in mangrove forests in Queensland Australia, which was based on forced aeration and nutrient addition.     

Reclamation of saline calcareous soils using vegetative bioremediation as a potential approach

Vegetative bioremediation of saline calcareous soil (EC_1:1 11.01 dS m^?1) was practised through growing fodder beet (Beta Beta vulgaris var. magnum) and millet (Panicum spp.) in soil columns. Beet was grown at a planting density of 4427 plants m^?2, whereas millet was grown at two planting densities: 5202 (M1) and 8928 (M2) plants m^?2. Some plants were irrigated with 233 μ S cm^?1 water throughout the experiment (70 days), while for others non-saline water was replaced with saline water (2.52 dS m^?1) at the middle of the experiment. The control was leaching of uncropped soil. Beet had higher ash content and efficiently extracted higher amount of salts (particularly Na and Cl) along with their aboveground biomass than millet under the two irrigation regimes. Millet grown at high planting density had higher ash content and extracted higher amount of salts (particularly Cl) than those at low planting density. Bioremediation, particularly in the case of millet (M1), considerably enhanced soil hydraulic conductivity as compared with leaching treatment; thus, facilitating the removal of some soluble salts beyond the root zone. Accordingly, soil electrical conductivity was considerably decreased by 54–69% compared with the untreated soil. It is concluded that mainly fodder beet is a potential candidate for efficient bioremediation of saline calcareous soils.

     

微生物成矿技术在环境砷污染治理中的应用研究进展

近年来,微生物成矿技术成为环境污染治理领域研究热点之一。结合典型矿化菌与砷的成矿关联规律对微生物成矿作用固定砷的机制及环境污染治理中的应用进行归纳:(1)环境中的碳酸盐矿化菌、铁锰氧化菌及硫酸盐还原菌可通过诱导成矿的方式,直接促进含砷矿物的形成或生成其他矿物间接吸附砷,通过对砷的成矿产物和成矿因素分析,揭示微生物成矿机理、特征及形成条件;(2)总结了国内外应用微生物成矿技术处理水体和土壤中砷污染的研究,利用微生物成矿技术可降低水体及土壤中溶解性或可提取态砷浓度、减少砷的生物可利用性;(3)微生物对重金属的成矿作用受环境因素影响,环境中砷的初始浓度、共存金属离子、pH、温度、营养盐浓度等均会影响微生物成矿的效率。加强微生物成矿过程微界面反应机制研究,并筛选重金属耐性和成矿能力强的微生物以提高成矿效率,同时研究成矿作用固定的砷在环境中的溶出和迁移规律进而减少矿物中砷的再次溶出,将成为未来该领域的重点研究方向之一。     

Improvement of simazine degradation by inoculation of corn and soybean plants with rhizobacteria

We isolated the strains of aerobic bacteria, that were able to use the simazine (2-chloro4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine) herbicide as a sole source of nitrogen, from the roots of corn plants and the nodules of soybean plants. Partial base sequences of 16S rRNA genes and physiological characteristics of the representative isolates revealed that they belonged to Agrobacterium radiobacter and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, respectively. Inoculation of corn plants with the isolates of A. radiobacter resulted in a faster decrease in the amount of simazine in vermiculite soil. Neither bacteria nor corn plants alone were able to promote the decrease in the amount of simazine. Soybean plants modulated by the isolates of B. japonicum were more sensitive to simazine in a hydroponic medium compared to non-nodulated soybeans, though a significant decrease in the amount of simazine in the media was observed. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the rhizosphere of corn and soybean plants containing root nodules is an appropriate habitat for simazine-degrading bacteria to degrade the herbicide.