解冻期覆盖盐渍土地表对土壤盐分和水分的影响

选择春季土壤解冻期,用塑料薄膜、麦草和沙子覆盖盐渍土地面,改良盐碱地。结果表明,覆盖对土壤盐分表聚和水分蒸发损失具有明显的抑制作用。塑料薄膜采用全地面覆盖,麦草适用量为2934．8k／hm^2沙子的适宜覆盖厚度为4cm。     

基于昼夜温度变化的混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀有限元分析

为了掌握衬砌渠道冻胀量及冻胀力随昼夜气温变化的发展规律及冻胀破坏极限状态,根据冻土力学及冻土物理学理论,利用有限元软件ANSYS按瞬态温变模式加载温度,对衬砌渠道冻胀过程进行数值模拟,研究了其温度场和冻胀变形及法向冻胀力与切向冻胀力随时间的变化规律。结果表明：渠道冻融破坏除因渠基土冻胀外,阴阳两坡的温度、冻胀变形、冻胀力既不均匀不对称变化又不同步,也是渠道冻胀破坏的重要原因;阳坡滞后阴坡约15 d冻结,最大冻胀量及最大冻胀力滞后日平均最低气温约4 d,日内最大冻胀量及最大冻胀力滞后日最低气温约1 h;模拟结果与野外观测资料基本吻合,但比稳态数值模拟结果偏大,表明了运用瞬态数值模拟进行渠道抗冻胀设计的正确性和合理性。     

Changes in freezing and thawing indices over the source region of the Yellow River from 1980 to 2014

Freezing and thawing indices are not only of great significance for permafrost research but also are important indicators of the effects of climate change.However,to date,research on ground-surface freezing and thawing indices and their relationship with air indices is limited.Based on daily air and ground-surface temperatures collected from 11 meteorological stations in the source region of the Yellow River,the freezing and thawing indices were calculated,and their spatial distribution and trends were analyzed.The air-freezing index(AFI),air-thawing index(ATI),ground surface-freezing index(GFI),ground surface-thawing index(GTI),air thawing-freezing index ratio(Na)and surface ground thawing-freezing index ratio(Ng)were 1554.64,1153.93,1.55,2484.85,850.57℃-days and 3.44,respectively.Altitude affected the spatial distribution of the freezing and thawing indices.As the altitude increased,the freezing indices gradually increased,and the thawing indices and thawing-freezing index ratio decreased.From 1980 to 2014,the AFI and GFI decreased at rates of 8.61 and 11.06℃-days a^-1,the ATI and GTI increased at 9.65 and 14.53℃-days a^-1,and Na and Ng significantly increased at 0.21 and 0.79 decade^-1.Changes in the freezing and thawing indices were associated with increases in the air and ground-surface temperatures.The rates of change of the ground surface freezing and thawing indices were faster than the air ones because the rate of increase of the groundsurface temperature was faster than that of the air and the difference between the ground surface and air increased.The change point of the time series of freezing and thawing indices occurred in 2000–2001.After 2000–2001,the AFI and GFI were lower than before the change point,and the changing trend was lower.The ATI,GTI,Na and Ng during 2001–2014 were higher,with faster rates than before.In addition,the annual thawing indices composed a greater proportion of the mean annual air temperature and mean annual ground surface temperature than the annual freezing indices.This study provides the necessary basis for research on and prediction of permafrost changes,especially changes in the depth of the active permafrost layer,climate change,and possible evolution of the ecological environment over the source region of the Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

长白山地丘陵区解冻期农耕地土壤侵蚀特征量化分析

为防治解冻期土壤侵蚀,以东北长白山地丘陵区典型小流域为研究对象,选取典型农耕地进行实测观测,分析不同坡位、局部坡度、坡向解冻期土壤侵蚀特征,量化土壤水分、温度、剪切力、反射辐射及局部坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响,构建解冻期农耕地土壤侵蚀预测模型。结果表明:解冻期土壤侵蚀从坡上、坡中到坡下依次增大,随局部坡度的增大而增大,但增长趋势减缓,南坡最大而北坡最小,不同坡位、局部坡度和坡向土壤侵蚀均存在显著差异(P0.05);影响土壤侵蚀的因素从大到小依次为局部坡度、土壤含水率、土壤剪切力、土壤温度和土壤反射辐射;通过逐步回归,构建了基于局部坡度、土壤含水率、土壤剪切力3个因子的解冻期农耕地土壤侵蚀预测模型(R~2=0.903)。研究结果可为解冻期土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。     

Cryopreservation of Boar Semen: I: A literature review

The present review summarizes information concerning the methods available to cryopreserve boar semen, covering the historical background, cryobiology and cryoprotecting considerations, technological developments and recent advances in cryopreservation methodologies. Successful methods for cryopreservation of boar semen have not been achieved despite numerous efforts world wide. Improvements in semen preservation technologies have been deterred by lack of in vitro methods that can accurately predict in vivo fertilizing capacity of frozen boar semen. The cell membrane is of crucial importance with regard to freeze-thaw survival of spermatozoa. It is important to optimize the survival of the plasma membrane as this is a non homogenous entity both in structure and function. The boar sperm membrane exhibits extreme sensitivity to freezing treatment. Freezing and thawing results in considerable changes in electrolyte dynamics and damages have mainly been associated with alterations in the head membranes especially at thawing. To date fruitless efforts have been carried out to find a cryoprotectant for the spermatozoa membranes and glycerol still continues to be used despite its harmful effects to the membranes.     

季节性冻融期不同水氮量组合下土壤水分的时空变化特征

以季节性冻融期系列田间试验资料为基础,探求不同水肥耦合下非饱和冻融土壤介质中含水率的时空变化特征。结果表明:封冻前N_0W_0含水率较灌水地块低。快速冻结阶段水分运移主要受冻结作用形成的附加基质势驱动,土壤聚墒区为20~50 cm,N_(500)W_(750)和N_(300)W_(375)处理峰值聚墒量高于其他处理。稳定冻结期土壤聚墒区范围延伸至60 cm处,含水率峰值下移至50 cm,由大到小为:N_(300)W_(750)、N_(300)W_(375)、N_(500)W_(750)、N_0W_0、N_(500)W_(375)、N_(100)W_(750)、N_(100)W_(375)。解冻后N_(300)和N_(500)地块0~60 cm土层略高于自然储水量;封冻前后表土层(0~20 cm)灌溉效应衰减随深度增加而延迟。N_(500)W_(750)和N_(300)W_(375)地块10~20 cm冻结含水峰值呈现时间比N_0W_0提前7 d。灌水后30~40 cm含水率峰值高于N_0W_0,冻结聚墒峰值出现时间随肥量的增加而缩短,消融期N_(500)W_(750)和N_(300)W_(375)处理对水分的吸持作用更强。N_(300)W_(750)和N_(300)W_(375)处理50~60 cm的含水率峰值较高,消融期增幅最为明显,分别为2.00%和0.9%。冻融期各处理土壤含水率与N_0W_0绝对关联度整体随深度增加而减小,说明水氮量组合对冻融期0~60 cm含水率时程动态的影响随深度增加而递减。     

冻融期可溶性植物养分的运移规律研究

通过现场试验与室内测定分析,对可溶性植物营养成分SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+及K+在冻结融化过程中的运移过程进行了研究。结果表明,冻结初期土壤中含有离子浓度越大,融化末期其降低幅度也越大。同时高浓度陪补离子NO3-和Ca2+促使SO42-淋失,高浓度陪补离子SO42-促进土壤Ca2+的吸附使Ca2+增加。而Ca2+的存在并未使土壤的固钾能力因冻结初期K+浓度的增加而增强。     

2010年河套灌区农业气象条件对春小麦生长发育的影响分析

2010年小麦全生育期农业气象条件较差,不利于产量提高。主要问题是前期潮塌和持续低温,发育期推后,后期持续高温,出现有观测记录以来的最强干热风年,小麦后期发育加快,灌浆期缩短,降低了小麦的粒重;此期日较差较大,有利于干物质积累,降低了不利因素的影响,但小麦产量仍然会受到明显影响。同时,2010年水情较好,降低了高温干热风的影响。     

土壤冻融温度影响下棉田水盐运移规律

以新疆北部常年膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,探讨整个冻融过程中温度对土壤水盐运移规律的影响。研究结果表明：气温对土壤温度的影响随着土壤深度的增加而不断减小,滞后时间不断延长,并且气温对冻土的消融速度远远快于冻结速度,上层冻土消融速度快于下层。土壤水分受温度的影响较大,在冻结期,土壤水分从非冻结层向冻结层缓慢运移;在消融期,下层土壤水分在蒸发作用下不断向上运移。通过监测分析得知,温度间接影响盐分运移,在冻结期,土壤水分运移缓慢,土壤盐分运移变化较小;在消融期,土壤水分运移较为活跃,土壤盐分运移变化较大。在温度快速上升的情况下,土壤水分不断上移, 120～150 cm土壤盐分迅速向上扩散,上层土壤盐分不断增加,威胁膜下滴灌棉田可持续种植。     

低温高湿变温解冻库的研制与应用

为解决现有冻肉解冻库解冻速率慢、营养流失大、解冻过程氧化劣变严重等问题,研制了一种新型的低温高湿变温解冻库,该解冻库由绝热库体、蒸汽加热加湿系统、变频制冷系统和控制系统组成。通过各系统的协调运作,使库内温度始终维持在2~8℃,相对湿度始终保持在90%以上,从而实现冻肉解冻过程中的有效保鲜。同时通过低温高湿变温解冻库解冻20 t冷冻牛肉的加热负荷、制冷负荷、加湿蒸汽量及总蒸汽量等工艺参数的优化计算,研制出用于冷冻肉解冻的20 t低温高湿变温解冻库,并进行了生产验证试验,比较分析了该解冻库与常规4℃解冻库对解冻牛肉品质的影响。结果表明,该低温高湿变温解冻库解冻入库平均温度为-18℃的20 t冷冻牛肉耗时约12 h,加热负荷为95.94 kW,制冷负荷为18.77 kW,加湿蒸汽量为8.78 g/s,需要总蒸汽量为49.19 g/s;与常规4℃解冻库相比,低温高湿变温解冻库解冻汁液流失率、汁液蛋白含量及解冻牛肉蒸煮损失率分别显著降低了44.17%,21.61%及20.30%,解冻牛肉肌红蛋白含量显著增加了41.04%,高铁肌红蛋白含量显著降低了58.69%,硬度及咀嚼性分别显著增加了39.86 N及15.11 N,实现了冷冻牛肉的保鲜解冻。该研究为低温高湿变温解冻库的研制提供了参考,有利于解决冷冻肉解冻过程中的品质劣变问题。