Nitrate leaching loss following application of organic manures to sandy soils in arable cropping.

Abstract. Experiments were set up at two sites to measure nitrogen (N) leaching loss from applications of separated pig/cattle slurry and cattle farmyard manure(FYM), during winters 1990/91–1993/94 (site A) and from broiler litter and FYM, during winters 1990/91–1992/93 (site B). The manures were applied at a target rate of 200 kg ha^-1 total N during the autumn and winter to overwinter fallow or top dressed onto winter rye. The total N in leachate was calculated from leachate N concentrations, in samples collected using ceramic cups buried at 90 cm, and an estimate of drainage volume. Nitrogen losses were greatest following manure applications in September, October and November but losses following applications in December or January were not significantly elevated above those from untreated controls. Losses were consistently lower from FYM than from broiler litter or separated slurry. The presence of a cover crop (winter rye) significantly reduced overall N leaching compared with the fallow, but only reduced the manure N leaching losses at one site during one winter when a high proportion of drainage occurred late. The incorporation of a nitrification inhibitor (DCD) with manures applied in October did not significantly reduce the manure N leaching.     

天然小麦穗发芽抑制剂—YSR的筛选

对7个不同小麦品种（系）成熟植株颖壳、穗轴、叶片和茎秆以及17种其他植物源小麦穗发芽抑制物质进行了筛选。结果表明,这四种器官均含有发芽抑制物质,但其抑制作用普遍较小。从其他植物源中筛选出对小麦籽粒发芽抑制效果显著、作用迅速而持久的天然抑制物质YSR。YSR对抑制籽粒发芽的适宜浓度为240g /l,适宜浸提时间为1d,抑制效果不存在与小麦品种间的互作。     

黑龙江省稻稗对丁草胺的抗性测定及交互抗性的研究

【目的】明确黑龙江省水田稻稗(Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing)对丁草胺的抗药性水平以及对其他细胞分裂抑制剂的交互抗药性水平。【方法】采用琼脂法和整株盆栽法测定了黑龙江省14个地区53个田块的稻稗对丁草胺的抗药性以及对其他3种细胞分裂抑制剂丙草胺、苯噻酰草胺和莎稗磷的交互抗性。【结果】琼脂法检测出庆安03、东京城镇02等4个稻稗生物型对丁草胺产生了中等水平抗性,抗性指数为12.92~26.03,占供试稻稗生物型的7.55%;兴隆镇03、阿城04等4个稻稗生物型对丁草胺产生了低等水平抗性,抗性指数为6.63~8.86,占供试稻稗生物型的7.55%;庆安01、汤原01等5个稻稗生物型对丁草胺敏感性下降,抗性指数为3.18~4.84,占供试稻稗生物型的9.43%;其余阿城02、尚志02等40个稻稗生物型对丁草胺表现敏感,抗性指数均小于3,占供试稻稗生物型的75.47%。选取上述测定结果当中抗性最高的两个生物型,使用整株盆栽法进行对丁草胺的抗性水平验证。发现庆安03和东京城镇02同样产生了中等水平抗性,抗性指数分别为16.78和13.27;同时测定两个抗性生物型对丙草胺、苯噻酰草胺和莎稗磷3种细胞分裂抑制剂的交互抗性,结果显示,庆安03稻稗生物型对丁草胺和丙草胺产生了交互抗性;东京城镇02稻稗生物型对丁草胺、丙草胺和莎稗磷产生了交互抗性。【结论】黑龙江省部分地区稻稗对丁草胺产生了抗药性,且对丙草胺和莎稗磷产生了交互抗性。     

Development of herbicide resistance in weeds in a crop rotation with acetolactate synthase‐tolerant sugar beets under varying selection pressure

The development of acetolactate synthase (ALS) tolerant sugar beet provides new opportunities for weed control in sugar beet cultivation. The system consists of an ALS?inhibiting herbicide (foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone‐methyl) and a herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet variety. Previously, the use of ALS‐inhibitors in sugar beet was limited due to the susceptibility of the crop to active ingredients from this mode of action. The postulated benefits of cultivation of the ALS‐tolerant sugar beet are associated with potential risks. Up to now, with no relevant proportion of herbicide‐tolerant crops in Germany, ALS‐inhibitors are used in many different crops. An additional use in sugar beet cultivation could increase the selection pressure for ALS‐resistant weeds. To evaluate the impact of varying intensity of ALS‐inhibitor use on two weed species (Alopecurus myosuroides and Tripleurospermum perforatum) in a crop rotation, field trials were conducted in Germany in two locations from 2014 to 2017. Weed densities, genetic resistance background and crop yields were annually assessed. The results indicate that it is possible to control ALS‐resistant weeds with an adapted herbicide strategy in a crop rotation including herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet. According to the weed density and species, the herbicide strategy must be extended to graminicide treatment in sugar beet, and a residual herbicide must be used in winter wheat. The spread of resistant biotypes in our experiments could not be attributed to the integration of herbicide‐tolerant cultivars, although the application of ALS‐inhibitors promoted the development of resistant weed populations. Annual use of ALS‐inhibitors resulted in significant high weed densities and caused seriously yield losses. Genetic analysis of surviving weed plants confirmed the selection of ALS‐resistant biotypes.     

ALS酶抑制剂的设计合成及生物活性研究(X)磺酰脲和三唑并嘧啶磺酰胺除草剂的定量构效关系研究

利用 Hansch方法定量地研究了 2 0种磺酰脲和 16种嘧啶磺酰胺除草剂的结构与活性间关系。结果表明这两类化合物的构效关系是一致的 ,这意味着它们能作用于靶标的同一部位。影响化合物活性的主要因素是分子的电性 ,它们与受体作用时具有一个最佳电性值 (Σσ或 p Ka)。     

杜果乙烯抑制剂的筛选及其采后保鲜效果研究

比较研究不同浓度乙烯抑制剂AOA(aminooxyacetie acid)、AIB(α-amino-isobutyric acid)、AVG (Aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloride)、ATA(3-amino-1,2,4-triazole)、1-MCP(1-methylcyclopropene)、精胺、亚精胺对采后杧果(Mangifera indica L)乙烯释放的抑制效果,以期筛出最佳乙烯抑制剂并探究其对杧果的贮藏保鲜效果.结果表明:不同浓度乙烯抑制剂处理杧果,均可降低杧果果实乙烯释放量,其中1 mmol/L精胺、10 mmol/L亚精胺和50 mmol/LATA可有效延缓硬度、可滴定酸(Titratable acid,TA)下降,维持较高VC(Vitamin C)和TSS(Total soluble solids)含量.综合分析,精胺、亚精胺、ATA处理可有效延缓采后杧果果实软化,为采后杧果贮藏保鲜提供技术支持.     

Cl~-通道抑制剂对高氯条件下烤烟叶片超微结构和生理指标的影响

通过土培盆栽试验,研究了高氯条件下Zn~(2+)、NFA(尼氟灭酸)、9-AC(蒽-9-羧酸)3种Cl-通道抑制剂对烤烟叶片超微结构和相关生理指标变化的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,外施抑制剂可显著缓解氯含量较高的土壤对烤烟叶片的伤害作用,其中9-AC缓解作用最强,NFA次之,Zn2+作用较弱。施用抑制剂处理的烤烟叶片,其类囊体结构较发达,片层较多,垛叠能力强;抑制剂对烤烟生物量的积累有促进作用,其中地上部的干物质重提高显著;与对照相比,烤烟叶片MDA含量明显下降,在一定程度上缓解了膜脂的过氧化,同时,施用抑制剂有利于SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化保护酶维持较高的活性。     

A Study on Heat Resistance and Initial Characterization of Protease Inhibitors in Porcine Colostrum

Porcine colostrum was separated into the acid-soluble fraction (SF) and casein fraction (CF) by acidifying followed by centrifuge. SF was further separated by liquid chromatography and anisotropic membrane filtration. Capacities of the SF or CF of porcine colostrum, to inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin activity and to inhibit the epidermal growth factor (EGF) degradation in pig small intestinal contents, were determined under different heat treatments. The study showed that trypsin inhibitors in porcine colostrum survived heat treatments of 100℃ water bath for up to 10 min, but exposure to boiling water bath for 30 min significantly decreased the inhibitory activity. Compared with the trypsin inhibitors, the chymotrypsin inhibitors were more heat-sensitive. SF was more heat-sensitive than CF. Separation of the SF of porcine colostrum by liquid chromatography and anisotropic membrane filtration revealed that the porcine colostrum protease inhibitors, those had the capacity to inhibit the trypsin-chymotrypsin activity and enhanced the stability of EGF in the gastrointestinal(GI) lumen of weaned pigs, existed mainly in SF, milk-derived, were a group of heat-labile small proteins with molecular weight of 10 000-50 000.