发展生物柴油促进湖北生物质能产业化

生物质能源具有优良的环保特性,是可再生能源.大力发展生物质能源,对于能源自给度不高的湖北省具有重要意义.生物质能利用方式较多,选择一种既能发挥湖北地域特色又充分利用湖北资源的生物质能利用方式,对发展湖北生物质能产业至关重要.根据湖北农业资源特色,通过分析,认为以油菜来制取生物柴油既能充分利用湖北油菜资源,发展生物质能产业,又可增加农民收入,是发展生物质能产业的一条可行途径.     

废气再循环改善生物柴油发电机的经济性和排放性

在单缸风冷四冲程柴油发电机上,采用0、16%、28%EGR(exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环)率,分别以柴油和生物柴油为燃料进行了试验,测试并分析了经济性,NOx、HC、CO和烟度的排放性能。研究表明:生物柴油油耗高于柴油,在0、16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的体积油耗平均高出柴油约9%、10%和17%;与无废气再循环相比,16%和28%EGR率时,燃用柴油平均可减少NOx约17%和35%,燃用生物柴油平均可减少NOx约10%和24%,生物柴油的NOx排放量高于柴油平均约6.5%和17%;燃用柴油时随EGR率增大,HC的排放量增大,16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的HC排放低于柴油平均约6%和28.5%;28%EGR率时,生物柴油CO排放量低于柴油,平均降低约24%;随EGR率增大,生物柴油的烟度增大,燃用生物柴油在小负荷和中负荷时烟度高于柴油。     

柴油机燃用F-T柴油/生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧及排放特性

为探究生物柴油对柴油机燃用F-T柴油燃烧过程和排放性能的影响,配制F-T柴油/生物柴油混合燃料(B10F-T、B20F-T、B30F-T),在柴油机上进行试验。结果表明：随着生物柴油掺混比增大,缸内最大爆发压力逐渐增加。与F-T柴油相比,生物柴油掺混比分别为10%、20%、30%时,缸内最大爆发压力分别增加1.9%、5.1%、6.9%,对应的时刻轻微滞后,且放热始点后移,放热率峰值增大。生物柴油掺混比由0增加到30%,燃烧过程滞燃期延长1 ℃A,燃烧始点后移,燃烧持续期略微升高,由35.4 ℃A增加到36.1 ℃A,燃烧重心由4.8 ℃A后移到5.9 ℃A,缸内最大燃烧温度由1 872 K升高到1 951 K。在中高负荷时,碳烟排放随生物柴油掺混比增大而明显降低。在F-T柴油中掺混生物柴油可以有效地降低HC和CO排放,HC和CO排放随生物柴油掺混比增大几乎呈线性下降趋势。随着负荷继续增加,混合燃料的HC和CO排放均逐渐下降,在75%负荷时,与燃用F-T柴油相比,生物柴油掺混比分别为10%、20%、30%时,CO排放分别降低2.9%、7.8%、12.1%。在不同负荷工况下,随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,NOX排放均呈上升的趋势,且在高负荷工况下NOX排放上升更加明显。     

SULFUR AND BORON-MAGNESIUM-ZINC COMPOUND FERTILIZER CONTRIBUTE TO THE REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF JATROPHA CURCAS L.

Jatropha curcas L., a native tree to Mexico and Central America, is cultivated in many counties of China as a source for biodiesel. The effects of different fertilizers on the growth of Jatropha curcas L. were studied under soil conditions of low nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B) in soil. Compared with 16N-16P-16K compound fertilizer, both sulfur (S) and a B-management (Mg)-zinc (Zn) compound fertilizer both increased the oil concentration of the seed, and promoted the reproductive growth. Only the fertilizer S increased the seed yield and the Acid value of the oil, while the B-Mg-Zn compound fertilizer declined the Acid value of the oil and induced the differentiation of female flowers. Boron-Mg-Zn compound fertilizer induced a smaller increase in the oil concentration of Jatropha curcas seed than fertilizer S and the largest increase in growth rate of trees. Moreover, Jatropha curcas showed a higher requirement of S for the reproductive phase than for its vegetative growth. Jatropha curcas may belong to the species with restricted B mobility, and B fertilizer should be sprayed as a foliar fertilizer. However, further research on the S nutrition of Jatropha curcas is required.     

三种小球藻生物柴油品质指标评价

为了评价当前具有开发潜能的产油小球藻生产的生物柴油品质指标是否合格,该文对三种小球藻生物柴油品质指标进行评价。该文通过含油率及FAME（脂肪酸甲酯）组成分析,利用前人已建立的FAME碳链结构与4项重要的生物柴油品质指标运动黏度、碘值、十六烷值和冷滤点间的数学模型,并参照美国、欧盟、德国和中国4个生物柴油标准,对3种小球藻F-5,F-1067,F-31油脂制取生物柴油的4项品质指标进行评价。结果表明：F-5,F-1067,F-31含油率分别为15.30%,13.13%,11.12%。F-5生物柴油运动黏度为8.3,满足美国和中国标准要求,不满足欧盟和德国标准要求,F-5生物柴油碘值、十六烷值和冷滤点分别为77,56,-3℃,均满足4个标准要求;F-1067生物柴油运动黏度和冷滤点分别为9.2和9℃,均不满足4个标准要求,F-1067生物柴油碘值和十六烷值分别为77和56,能满足各标准要求;F-31生物柴油运动黏度为11.8,不满足各标准要求,F-31生物柴油碘值和冷滤点分别为112和-9℃,能满足各国标准要求,F-31生物柴油十六烷值为47,能满足美国标准要求,但不满足其余3个标准要求。因此F-5的含油率最高,且其生物柴油在运动黏度、碘值、十六烷值和冷滤点综合表现为最佳,在3种产油小球藻中最适合生产生物柴油,为合理利用生物柴油小球藻藻种提供理论依据。     

Localized root growth in soil induced by controlled‐release urea granule and barley nitrogen uptake

Controlled‐release urea is a fertilizer which meters out urea over a long period of time. It can provide a favorable nitrogen (N) concentration for root growth, especially at the early stage of plant development. The objective of this study was to determine the interactions of urea or controlled‐release urea granules with barley roots and the resultant N uptake by plants. Two experiments (Experiment I and Experiment II) with treatments of Nil, non‐coated urea, Coated I and Coated II (Coated I and Coated II are controlled‐release urea products) were conducted in a greenhouse at 23±5°C. In both experiments, one barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Duke) seed and one granule of urea or controlled‐release urea were placed in a pot (5.2‐cm height and 8‐cm diameter) containing soil low in mineral N. In Experiment I, shoot and soil samples were taken at 14, 28, and 46 days after seeding. Roots and fertilizer interaction were visually examined and photographed. In Experiment II, root samples both around the fertilizer granule and away from the granule were taken only at 28 days after seeding. In both experiments, dry matter mass and total N content of shoot and root, and mineral N in soil were determined. In Experiment I, at the 28‐day sampling roots proliferated around the controlled‐release urea granule but not around the urea granule. Shoot N uptake since the 28 days was higher with controlled‐release urea than with urea because of the root proliferation. In Experiment II, root dry mass and N content around the granule was higher with controlled‐release urea than with urea. In the controlled‐release urea treatments, root mass and N content away from the granule were also increased in comparison to the Nil. This shows a stimulus relationship between the two portions of the roots in the same plant, i.e., the roots being accessed to the N source increased growth of the other roots with no access to the source. Because only a small portion of roots was involved in N uptake in the controlled‐release urea treatments, the intensity of N uptake per unit of root mass was much higher with controlled‐release urea as compared to urea. In conclusion, root growth was enhanced around controlled‐release urea granule, and that portion of roots around the fertilizer granule played a major role in absorbing N. In addition, a stimulus relationship existed between roots grown around the granule and those grown away from the granule.     

Glycerol inclusion in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles

The present study evaluated the effects of inclusion of glycerol in the diet of Nile tilapia juveniles on growth performance, biochemical changes in blood, and carcass composition. We used 300 Nile tilapia juveniles with an average initial weight of 29.15 ± 8.40 g and 11.55 ± 0.87 cm in length, distributed in 20 fiberglass tanks with a capacity of 250 L. The experiments followed a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications during 79 days. The animals were fed diets containing four concentrations of glycerol (25 g kg^?1, 50 g kg^?1, 75 g kg^?1 and 100 g kg^?1) and a control diet without glycerol. HDL was the only biochemical parameter, that showed statistically different (P < 0.05) results; it was higher in the groups fed with 0 and 75 g kg^?1 glycerol compared to the other groups. No significant difference was observed in the results from the carcass composition of tilapia juvenile fed with the different glycerol levels, except for lipids (P < 0.05), which showed the highest values in fish fed with 50 g kg^?1 glycerol and the lowest in fish fed with 100 g kg^?1. Glycerol can be used in fish diets as an energy supplement without causing damage to growth performance or to the biochemical and carcass composition of Nile Tilapia juveniles.     

生物柴油作为精喹禾灵乳油中二甲苯替代溶剂的应用初探

为评价不同来源生物柴油作为溶剂配制精喹禾灵乳油的效果,采用气相色谱法测定了几种生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的种类及含量,利用相应制备的5%精喹禾灵乳油进行了防治禾本科杂草的盆栽试验,同时比较了不同生物柴油对药剂稀释液表面张力、干燥时间和在叶片表面沉积量等药液物理性状的影响。结果表明,用不同脂肪酸甲酯含量的生物柴油均能够制备出合格的5%精喹禾灵乳油,并且利用生物柴油制备的乳油在使用剂量为有效成分2 g/hm2时防效略高于常规以二甲苯为溶剂配制的乳油, 5 g/hm2和20 g/hm2剂量下无显著差异;生物柴油配制乳油稀释液与二甲苯配制乳油稀释液的表面张力差异不显著,但前者的沉积量则明显提高50%左右,能提高稀释液在小麦叶片的渗透速率。上述结果初步表明,生物柴油作为精喹禾灵乳油的替代溶剂具有一定的可行性。     

双核离子液体作用下生物柴油的制备及成分分析

采用超声波辅助的方式制备了新型的酸性双咪唑甲磺酸离子液体,并通过三油酸甘油酯的酯交换反应考查其催化活性及优化实验反应条件,然后将其应用于烤鸭废弃油中以制取生物柴油,对其产物采用气质联用仪(CG-MS)进行了分析。结果表明:在该离子液体作用下,酯交换反应可以在温和的条件下高效地完成,三油酸甘油酯的酯交换产率最高可达95.3%,双咪唑间碳链长短对催化活性影响不明显;催化剂经循环使用6次以后,油酸甲酯产率仍然保持在81%左右。废弃油酯交换制取生物柴油最高产率可达93.9%,且GC-MS检测结果表明生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的总含量高达96.9%,其中饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量接近22%,而酯交换未完全的脂肪酸单甘油酯仅0.83%。因此,双咪唑甲磺酸型离子液体能高效催化餐饮废油制备生物柴油。     

基因工程菌发酵秸秆水解液产生物柴油

目前生物柴油的价格是石化柴油的15倍,寻求新的廉价易得的原料降低生物柴油的成本是必然趋势。作物秸秆是一种低廉普遍的废弃物,秸秆中含有纤维素,半纤维素等成分,水解成单糖后可以作为合成生物柴油所需的糖类来源。利用前期研究构建的基因工程菌Escherichia coli pET28a(+) PAW发酵秸秆(玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆)水解液得到乙醇,并在胞内将乙醇与外源添加的脂肪酸进行同步转化合成生物柴油的主要成分脂肪酸乙酯。HPLC分析表明玉米水解液中葡萄糖含量(1040 g·L-1)较高,小麦水解液中木糖含量(4056 g·L-1)较高。E. coli pET28a(+) PAW能够有效地以小麦和玉米两种秸秆水解液作为糖类替代物发酵生产生物柴油,小麦水解液培养基中的生物柴油含量(030 g·L-1)高于玉米水解液培养基中的含量(025 g·L-1),同时也高于现有报道。结果表明,以秸秆水解液作为原料,利用基因工程菌合成生物柴油是可行的,有助于降低生物柴油的原料成本。