基于RNMU的多源星载SAR影像融合与土地覆盖分类

为充分利用多时相、多极化SAR数据在不同土地覆盖类型中的后向散射特性,将递归非负矩阵下近似(Recursive nonnegative matrix underapproximation,RNMU)算法引入多源SAR数据的融合,并利用融合后的SAR影像实现较高精度的土地覆盖分类。融合过程中,在根据不同模式SAR影像特点进行多源SAR影像预处理的基础上,基于RNMU算法通过对多个输入SAR影像进行矩阵分解及迭代最优矩阵求解,得到融合影像。为验证融合后SAR影像在土地覆盖分类中的应用效果,以吉林省大安市为研究区,对多时相Sentinel-1的VV/VH双极化SAR数据和高分三号(GF-3)的HH/HV双极化SAR数据进行了基于RNMU的影像融合,并利用融合后的SAR影像进行研究区主要土地覆盖类型分类。实验结果表明,基于RNMU融合影像的土地覆盖分类总体精度达93. 11%,Kappa系数为0. 86,与Gram-Schmid(G-S)融合方法相比,分类总体精度提高了6. 83个百分点,Kappa系数提高0. 12。多源SAR融合为SAR影像融合提供了有效手段,为土地覆盖分类提供了更多高精度的数据资源。     

基于数字化植物表型平台（D3P）的田间小麦冠层光截获算法开发

冠层光截获能力是反映作物品种间差异的重要功能性状，高通量表型冠层光截获对提高作物改良效率具有重要意义。本研究以小麦为研究目标，利用数字化植物表型平台（D3P）模拟生成了100种冠层结构不同的小麦品种在5个生育期的三维冠层场景，记录了从原始冠层结构中提取的绿色叶面积指数（GAI）、平均倾角（AIA）和散射光截获率（FIPAR_dif）信息作为真实值,进一步利用上述三维小麦场景开展了虚拟的激光雷达（LiDAR）模拟实验，生成了对应的三维点云数据。基于模拟的点云数据提取了其高度分位数特征（H）和绿色分数特征（GF）。最后，利用人工神经网络（ANN）算法分别构建了从不同LiDAR点云特征（H、GF和H+GF）输入到FIPAR_dif、GAI和AIA的反演模型。结果表明，对于GAI、AIA和FIPAR_dif，预测精度从高到低对应的点云特征输入为GF+H > H > GF。由此可见，H特征对提高目标表型特性的估算精度起到了重要作用。输入GF + H特征，在中等测量噪音（10%）情况下，FIPAR_dif和GAI的估算均获得了满意精度，R²分别为0.95和0.98，而AIA的估算精度（R²=0.20）还有待进一步提升。本研究基于D3P模拟数据开展，算法的实际表现还有待通过田间数据进一步验证。尽管如此，本研究验证了D3P协助表型算法开发的能力，展示了高通量LiDAR数据在估算田间冠层光截获和冠层结构方面的较高潜力。     

Isolation and Characterization of GhLEA3 Gene from Upland Cotton and Its Expression in Response to Low Temperature Stress

[Objective] Based on the analysis of cotton GhLEA3 gene structure and its expression model in chilling stress, we investigated the resistance function of GhLEA3 in response to cold stress. [Method] We cloned GhLEA3 from upland cotton by homologous sequence cloning way. We analyzed the properties of the GhLEA3, and constructed phylogenetic tree by bioinformatics analysis. We constructed the transient expression vector 35S∷GhLEA3-GFP by In-Fusion connection technology and studied the subcellular localization of GhLEA3. The expression of GhLEA3 gene in leaves of TM-1 at three-leaf stage under low temperature stress treatments (4 ℃, 24 h) was performed. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated floral dipping method was used to transform the gene with expression vector 35S∷GhLEA3-GFP into Arabidopsis thaliana wild type. Low temperature germination experiment at 4 ℃ was conducted to verify germination ability of the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana T₃ seed. The transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings were treated at 4 ℃(low temperature), and all the leaves were taken to measure their electrical conductivity. [Result] The coding sequence of GhLEA3 gene is 1 218 bp, which encodes 405 amino acids. GhLEA3 protein includes 4 functional domains of PF02987. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the similarity of amino acid sequences between upland cotton GhLEA3 and Arabidopsis thaliana AtLEA3 was 52.6%. GhLEA3 might be mainly localized in vacuoles and small vesicles. GhLEA3 was up-regulated in leaves after low temperature treatment. The germination rate of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana of T₃ generation at low temperature was significantly higher than that of wild type, and its electrical conductivity of leaves after low temperature treatment was significantly lower than that of wild type. [Conclusion] GhLEA3 belonged to the member of LEA3 family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that GhLEA3 had the closest relationship with AtLEA3. GhLEA3 was induced by low temperature stress and may play an important role in improving cold resistance.     

番茄ShARPC5抗白粉病功能分析

【目的】白粉病（powdery mildew）是番茄生产上的重要病害,严重影响番茄的产量。番茄基因组测序工作的完成为抗病基因挖掘提供了重要的信息资源。ARP2/3（actin-related protein 2 and 3）复合体是肌动蛋白微丝骨架动力学的主要调控因子,能够参与包括响应外界胁迫等多种细胞学过程。本研究通过对番茄ARPC5（actin-related protein C5）进行克隆和抗病功能验证,为番茄基因组信息完善、抗病机制解析和分子育种等方面打下基础。【方法】从番茄LA1777（Solanum habrochaites）cDNA中PCR扩增ShARPC5,使用DNAMAN 6.0进行多序列比对;MEGA 6.0构建系统发育树;应用在线工具ProtComp v. 9.0进行亚细胞定位预测。利用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）比较接种白粉菌（Oidium neolycopersici,On-Lz）后高感品种Moneymaker（MM）和高抗品种LA1777中番茄ARPC5的表达特征,分析白粉菌侵染与ARPC5表达的相关性。应用病毒诱导的基因沉默（virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS）技术进一步验证该基因在番茄中的抗病功能,观察沉默株和野生型株系接种后表型变化,利用台盼蓝和DAB染色法检测植株产生过敏性坏死和H₂O₂的能力,并检测ShARPC5沉默后一些与植物抗病相关标记基因的表达变化。采用农杆菌浸花法遗传转化拟南芥过表达ShARPC5植株,观察转基因和野生型株系接种后表型变化,并统计单病斑分生孢子数。【结果】从番茄品种LA1777中克隆到ShARPC5,编码132个氨基酸残基,包含一个保守的P16-Arc结构域。与番茄MM-白粉菌亲和互作相比,非亲和互作的番茄品种LA1777在接种白粉菌后,ShARPC5显著上调表达,尤其在接种后18 h。在番茄上沉默ShARPC5能够增加植株对白粉菌On-Lz的敏感性,防卫反应基因PR1b1显著下调表达。组织学观察显示与对照植株相比,ShARPC5沉默植株接种后诱导产生过敏性坏死和活性氧减少。在烟草上瞬时过表达ShARPC5能够诱导产生坏死斑。相反,在拟南芥上过表达ShARPC5能够增加植物的抗病性。【结论】ShARPC5是番茄响应白粉菌侵染的重要基因,可减轻番茄白粉病的发病程度,在番茄抗白粉病机理研究方面具有较大的应用价值,可作为番茄抗白粉病分子育种的一个候选基因。     

稀土微肥氯化镨调控马铃薯生长发育及抗旱的生理机制

为提高马铃薯抗旱性，选择增施适量的稀土微肥氯化镨水溶液，旨在探究氯化镨增强马铃薯抗旱性的生理机制。本试验以马铃薯品种“大西洋”为材料，以土壤质量含水量的32%~35%（Water-CK）、23%~25%（Water-1）和15%~18%（Water-2）为3个水分梯度，分别浇灌0、30、60、90、120 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1 PrCl₃水溶液，测定了苗期叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标及成熟期株高、茎粗等生长指标。结果表明：随土壤质量含水量的减少，马铃薯幼苗叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量、相对电导率及SOD、POD和CAT活性显著上升，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别升高了33.81%、101.12%、136.28%、46.11%、145.37%、59.84%和63.13%；马铃薯成熟期株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重显著降低，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别降低了3.91%、12.36%、30.17%、38.05%、30.00%和36.40%。在Water-2处理下，当PrCl₃浓度为90 mg·L^-1时，马铃薯叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量分别较未增施PrCl₃水溶液提高了162.35%、59.59%、154.45%，MDA 含量、O^{—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]}₂产生速率及相对电导率分别降低了67.70%、25.29%、37.70%，抗氧化酶（SOD,POD,CAT）活性提高了38.35%、28.08%、66.00%，成熟期马铃薯株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重分别增加了67.87%、21.68%、32.81%、49.05%、187.50%和63.91%。干旱胁迫下增施适量稀土微肥氯化镨可提高幼苗植株细胞内渗透调节物质含量，增强抗氧化酶活性，减少自由基的积累，缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗生长发育造成的损伤，提高植株生产力，增强抗旱性。     

Marker‐assisted introgression of rare allele of β‐carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) gene into elite quality protein maize inbred for combining high lysine,tryptophan and provitamin A in maize

Vitamin A deficiency in humans is a widespread health problem. Quality protein maize (QPM) is a popular food rich in lysine and tryptophan, but poor in provitamin A (proA). Here, we report the improvement of an elite QPM inbred, HKI1128Q for proA using marker‐assisted introgression of crtRB1‐favourable allele. HKI1128 was one of the parental lines of three popular hybrids in India and was converted to QPM in our earlier programme. Severe segregation distortion for crtRB1 was observed in BC₁F₁, BC₂F₁ and BC₂F₂. Background selection by 100 SSRs revealed mean recovery of 91.07% recurrent parent genome varying from 88.78% to 93.88%. Across years, introgressed progenies possessed higher mean β‐carotene (BC: 9.22 µg/g), β‐cryptoxanthin (BCX: 3.05 µg/g) and provitamin A (proA: 10.75 µg/g) compared to HKI1128Q (BC: 2.26 µg/g, BCX: 2.26 µg/g and proA: 3.38 µg/g). High concentration of essential amino acids, viz. lysine (mean: 0.303%) and tryptophan (0.080%) in endosperm, was also retained. Multi‐year evaluation showed that introgressed progenies possessed similar grain yield (1,759–1,879 kg/ha) with HKI1128Q (1,778 kg/ha). Introgressed progenies with higher lysine, tryptophan and proA hold immense potential as donors and parents in developing biofortified hybrids.     

基于变分法的FY-3C土壤水分产品适用性分析

FY-3C作为我国风云三号首颗业务卫星,其上搭载的微波成像仪(MWRI)可提供全天候土壤水分数据。【目的】获取高质量土壤水分数据可以对合理利用土壤水资源提供参考,为农田干旱监控和预报提供基础参数。【方法】选取山东省农业气象站土壤水分数据对FY-3C土壤水分产品进行检验,为获取更高质量FY-3C土壤水分产品,选用变分订正方法对FY-3C土壤水分产品进行偏差订正。【结果】FY-3C升降轨土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分相关系数R分别为0.481 6和0.408 2,RMSE分别为0.099 6和0.091 0 cm~3/cm~3。订正后FY-3C升降轨土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分R分别为0.701 4和0.892 4,RMSE分别为0.021 7和0.011 cm~3/cm~3。对2016年3—4月山东省干旱过程订正前、后FY-3C土壤水分变化情况进行对比,订正后FY-3C土壤水分更准确地反映出此次干旱过程。【结论】FY-3C土壤水分产品可以准确反映土壤水分随时间的变化趋势,订正后FY-3C土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分间误差减小、相关性提高。