Microbial biomass and C mineralization in agricultural soils as affected by atrazine addition

This study examines the effects of atrazine on both microbial biomass C and C mineralization dynamics in two contrasting agricultural soils (organic C, texture, and atrazine application history) located at Galicia (NW Spain). Atrazine was added to soils, a Humic Cambisol (H) and a Gleyic Cambisol (G), at a recommended agronomic dose and C mineralization (CO₂ evolved), and microbial biomass measurements were made in non-treated and atrazine-treated samples at different time intervals during a 12-week aerobic incubation. The cumulative curves of CO₂–C evolved over time fit the simple first-order kinetic model [Ct = Co (1 − e ^−kt )], whose kinetic parameters were quantified. Differences in these parameters were observed between the two soils studied; the G soil, with a higher content in organic matter and microbial biomass C and lower atrazine application history, exhibited higher values of the total C mineralization and the potentially mineralizable labile C pool than those for the H soil. The addition of atrazine modified the kinetic parameters and increased notably the C mineralized; by the end of the incubation the cumulative CO₂–C values were 33–41% higher than those in the corresponding non-added soils. In contrast, a variable effect or even no effect was observed on the soil microbial biomass following atrazine addition. The data clearly showed that atrazine application at normal agricultural rates may have important implications in the C cycling of these two contrasting acid soils.     

Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of the Atrazine herbicide in Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) detected by the micronuclei test and the comet assay

Atrazine is the triazinic herbicide most found in the rural aquatic environments due to its extensive use and its stability in such places. The mutagenicity and the genotoxicity of different concentrations of the Atrazine herbicide were determinated by the micronucleus test and the comet assay, using Oreochromis niloticus as test-system. The tested concentrations of Atrazine herbicide were 6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg/L, both for the micronuclei test and for the comet assay. The results showed a significant rate of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities for all the tested concentrations of Atrazine herbicide. For the comet assay, we also observed results significantly different from the control in 6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg/L concentrations. Due to these results, we could infer that such herbicide may be dangerous to the lives of those organisms exposed to it.     

不同类型助剂对玉米田莠去津增效作用的研究

通过生物测定、仪器分析及田间试验的方法系统研究不同类型助剂对莠去津的增效作用以及对玉米和蚯蚓的安全性。结果表明,不同助剂对莠去津增效顺序为复合型助剂 > 有机硅助剂 > 非离子表面活性剂 > 肥类助剂 > 油类助剂 > 糖类助剂,复合型助剂对35%莠去津悬浮剂增效效果最佳。通过对药液物理性状研究表明,助剂能够降低药液表面张力和干燥时间,增加扩展直径和药液最大持留量。各类助剂对玉米和蚯蚓没有危害,与莠去津混用时可提高对作物的安全性,复合助剂和有机硅助剂与莠去津混合使用能够显著降低药液在土壤中的淋溶,提高土层深度25~35 cm范围内蚯蚓的存活率。     

无定型氧化铁对土壤中阿特拉津吸附-解吸的影响

选取人工合成的无定型氧化铁(AHOsFe)纯矿物,以及两种典型土壤(黑土和砖红壤)的原土(S1和S2)和AHOsFe包被土壤(AHOsFe-S1和AHOsFe-S2)为研究材料,采用批量平衡法,研究AHOsFe对土壤中阿特拉津(AT)吸附—解吸行为的影响及其机理。研究结果表明,各吸附剂对AT的吸附均能采用Freundlich方程进行较好地拟合(r≥0.996,p0.01),AHOsFe对AT具有较强的吸附性能和较高的吸附非线性,AHOsFe包被黑土和砖红壤后,两种土壤对AT的吸附能力(Kd值)分别增加56.3%和43.8%。各吸附剂对AT均存在解吸迟滞效应,两种土壤及被AHOsFe包被后,其对AT的解吸迟滞系数(HI)在AT低初始浓度时随浓度的增加而降低,而在AT高初始浓度时随浓度的增加略有增加,AHOsFe对AT的HI则随AT初始浓度的增加而增加,说明不同吸附剂在AT不同初始浓度时的解吸迟滞机制不同。与土壤相比,AHOsFe对AT具有较强的解吸迟滞效应,但AHOsFe包被土壤后,却降低了土壤对AT的解吸迟滞效应。     

Reducing atrazine leaching by integrating reduced herbicide use with mechanical weeding in corn (Zea mays)

Concern about the effects of pesticides on the environment and the desire to reduce purchased inputs are stimuli to reduce herbicide use. Field research was conducted for three growing seasons to compare the chemical contamination and effectiveness of three weed management practices. Weed control treatments included application of a herbicide mixture of 1.5 kg ai ha⁻¹ of atrazine plus 0.9 kg ai ha⁻¹ of pyridate, this mixture being broadcast alone or band-applied in combination with mechanical weeding, and mechanical weeding alone. The results show that it is possible to decrease the amount of atrazine residue in soil with the band-applied treatment. Such a method is very attractive because crop yields were not decreased, at least in the short run. However, we do not yet know the long-term efficiency of this method regarding groundwater quality, weed population dynamic and crop yield. Further work is therefore needed to assess the long-term impact of this weeding method.     

三氮苯类除草剂对水稻染色体结构、蛋白质含量及组分的影响

比较研究了不同浓度三氮苯类除草剂对水稻幼苗生长、叶绿素及可溶性蛋白质含量、根尖分生组织染色体结构、分生组织和叶绿体蛋白质组分的影响。结果表明,在0.1 mg /L Atrazine处理水稻后培养1周。幼苗高度由(10.8±1.7) cm（对照）降至 (8.2±0.7) cm,叶绿素含量由(1.07±0.013) mg/g FW（对照）降至(0.97±0.013) mg/g FW,     

不同矿质元素和阿特拉津对小麦生理效应的研究

研究了七种矿质元素以不同浓度浸种处理小麦种子 ,播种 1天后喷施阿特拉津对小麦的一些生理效应的影响。结果表明 :低浓度的氮 (N)、磷 (P)、钾 (K)、铜 (Cu)和高浓度钙 (Ca)、锰 (Mn)能明显降低阿特拉津对小麦幼苗的伤害 ,锌处理效果不明显。     

阿特拉津在土表的紫外光降解行为研究

本文研究了阿特拉津在土壤表面的紫外光光解的动力学,并研究了各种因素对光解的影响。实验表明,土壤粒度、湿度、pH值、有机质、腐殖酸和表面活性剂都影响阿特拉津在土壤中的降解。在紫外光辐射下,阿特拉津在土壤表面降解速率常数为(0.09~0.17)/min,光解深度为0.1~0.3mm,半衰期为4~8min。     

萌发期耐莠去津谷子种质资源筛选及评价

研究100份谷子种质资源萌发期耐除草剂莠去津特性,分析莠去津胁迫条件下谷子发芽势、发芽率、芽长和根长等的变化。结果表明,2.0mL/L的莠去津浓度是谷子萌发期耐莠去津筛选的最适浓度;在此浓度胁迫下,100份谷子材料萌发期各性状相对值的变异系数为发芽相对莠去津胁迫率>相对发芽势>相对活力指数>相对发芽指数>相对芽长>相对发芽率>相对根长;根据T值的聚类分析,将供试品种划分为4个莠去津耐性级别,高耐品种24份、中耐品种28份、中感品种31份和高感品种17份;汾选3号、紫根谷子、公矮2号、山西乌谷、河北香谷和草谷子6个品种为综合耐莠去津能力强的资源。     

Isolation of a selected microbial consortium from a pesticide-contaminated mix-load site soil capable of degrading the herbicides atrazine and alachlor

Contaminated soil from a 100-year-old mix-load site located in Reading, PA was evaluated for its potential to provide indigenous microorganisms capable of degrading two widely utilized herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-S-triazine; AT) and alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-[methoxymethyl]-acetanilide; AL). Three different locations from the site were chosen for experimentation based on herbicide handling activities. Standard enrichment techniques were used to isolate a selective microbial consortium (SCM) with the desirable degrading capabilities. Three enrichment treatment schemes were evaluated; AT and AL, AL alone, and only AT. Degradative organisms were isolated from only one of the sample locations. Considerable differences in the soil parameters of the three sample locations were found that might have had an effect on the ability of the indigenous microbial populations within the soil to degrade AT and AL. In the initial cultures from this location, degradation occurred in the AT and AL treatment only. Because the AT and AL were the only sources of carbon and nitrogen (N) for the microbes, these results suggest that AL alone was not a sufficient N source. In general, the ability to degrade AL by the SMC was dependent on AT degradation. Alachlor degradation did not begin until approximately 15% of the AT was transformed. Once all of the AT was removed very little further AL degradation occurred. The average half-life (t_1/2) of AT was 7.5 d, while average t_1/2 for AL degradation was 11 d. Individual colonies from the SMC were identified by fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Five strains were identified with similarity indexes above 70%. These isolates included the following: Alcaligenes xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans, Alcaligenes xylosoxydans subsp. xylosoxydans, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas marginalis, and Providencia rustigianii.