咯菌腈对四种牡丹叶片病原真菌的抑制活性

【目的】探究咯菌腈对牡丹黑斑病菌(Alternaria suffruticosae)、黄斑病菌(Phyllosticta commonsii)、腔孢叶斑病菌(Hainesia lythri)和叶霉病菌(Cladosporium paeoniae)菌丝生长、孢子萌发、芽管伸长及产孢的抑制活性,分析咯菌腈在牡丹病害化学防治上的应用前景。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法测定咯菌腈对菌丝生长的抑制活性,采用涂布平板法测定咯菌腈对孢子萌发、产孢时间及产孢量、芽管伸长及芽管和孢子形态的影响。【结果】咯菌腈对腔孢叶斑病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC_(50)为0.01μg·mL~(-1),其次为黑斑病菌和黄斑病菌,分别为0.07和0.35μg·mL~(-1);咯菌腈对4种病菌的孢子萌发均有较强的抑制作用,对腔孢叶斑病菌的抑制作用最强,其EC_(50)为1.26μg·mL~(-1),对其他3种病菌孢子萌发的EC_(50)在3.27—3.45μg·mL~(-1);0.1μg·mL~(-1)咯菌腈对4种病菌分生孢子芽管伸长的抑制率在40%—70%,表明咯菌腈对4种病菌分生孢子芽管伸长均有明显的抑制作用,浓度越大抑制作用越强,各浓度间差异显著,其中对腔孢叶斑病菌芽管伸长抑制的EC_(50)为0.04μg·mL~(-1),抑制作用最强,对其他3种病菌芽管伸长的EC_(50)在0.08—0.22μg·mL~(-1);咯菌腈对黑斑病菌和黄斑病菌分生孢子和芽管的致畸作用强烈,可导致孢子及芽管膨大、过度分枝,而对叶霉病菌和腔孢叶斑病菌致畸作用较弱,芽管及孢子形态基本正常;咯菌腈可推迟黑斑病菌、黄斑病菌及叶霉病菌的产孢时间,对黑斑病菌产孢量的抑制作用最强,EC_(50)为0.05μg·mL~(-1),对叶霉病菌次之,EC_(50)为0.38μg·mL~(-1),但对腔孢叶斑病菌产孢有促进作用。【结论】咯菌腈对牡丹黑斑病菌及腔孢叶斑病菌的菌丝生长、孢子萌发及芽管伸长均有很强的抑制作用,但对腔孢叶斑产孢具有一定的促进作用;对叶霉病菌和黄斑病菌孢子萌发及芽管伸长、黄斑病菌菌丝生长及叶霉病菌产孢的抑制作用强烈;由于咯菌腈内吸活性较弱,无法抑制已侵入牡丹叶片的病原真菌的生长,故建议作为保护剂在病害发生前施用。     

低温处理替代寄主对管氏肿腿蜂繁殖的影响

大规模、低成本繁殖天敌是开展害虫生物防治的前提和保障。本文以天牛类害虫寄生性天敌管氏肿腿蜂为研究对象,研究了-6、-3、0、3和6℃处理替代寄主黄粉甲蛹24 h(光周期16L:8D,相对湿度80%±10%)对该蜂人工繁殖的影响。结果表明,低温处理黄粉甲蛹可提升管氏肿腿蜂的繁殖效率,但-6℃下黄粉甲蛹的死亡率高达40.00%,不利于寄主资源的高效利用。在设置的5个温度梯度下,以-3℃处理黄粉甲蛹时寄主死亡率为16.67%,管氏肿腿蜂寄生率和存活率分别为86.67%和100.00%,寄生蜂麻痹寄主所需时间及管氏肿腿蜂产卵前期分别为9.6 h和4.67 d,后代羽化量为29.30头。低温处理替代寄主提高了管氏肿腿蜂子代幼虫的存活率,以-3℃处理更适宜,同时对卵和茧的存活率无显著影响。     

河南省小麦根、茎部内生真菌多样性及平板拮抗活性研究

To investigate the community composition and diversity of fungal endophytes in wheat roots and stems from different soil types in Henan Province, tissue isolation method was used to isolate and purify endophytic fungi from wheat plants collected from 22 counties/districts in five soil types, and the identification of the fungal endophytes fungi was based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. The community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi were analyzed. The results showed that 426 endophytic fungi were affiliated with 23 genera, among which Chaetomium spp. had the highest number accounting for 23.2% of the total strain number, followed by Penicillium spp.. Five strains were tested for the antifungal activity against both Rhizoctonia Cerealis and Fusarium pseudograminearums on plate, and their inhibition rates against R. Cerealis ranged from 44.8% to 70.5% (zone widths 2.00~9.67 mm)while from 35.4% to 49.3% (zone widths 3.67~6.67 mm) against F. pseudograminearum. This paper clarifies the major taxa and their diversity of fungal endophytes in the roots and stems of wheat in different soil types in Henan Province, and their inhibitory effects on soil-borne fungi, providing a basis for the biological control of sharp eyespot and crown rot of wheat.