Assessing the effect of broadleaf woodland expansion on acidic dry deposition and streamwater acidification

The study aim was to determine whether enhanced dry deposition of acidic atmospheric pollutants by broadleaf woodland expansion could increase the potential for acidification of surface waters in acid-sensitive areas. Dry sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) deposition was modelled with the Fine Resolution Atmospheric Multi-pollutant Exchange (FRAME) model using a roughness length value calculated specifically for birchwoods. Two scenarios were investigated for an acid-sensitive area in Scotland where broadleaf woodland expansion, mainly as birchwood, is occurring: (1) 2002 emissions and broadleaf woodland cover of 5.6%; (2) 2020 projected emissions and broadleaf cover of 29%. The roughness length calculated for birch with Raupach’s simplified drag-partition model was 0.73 m, lower than the value of 1.0 m for conifers which is the default for forest land cover in FRAME. Modelled dry S and N deposition increased between 2002 and 2020 from 8.7 to 29 × 10⁻³ keq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of H⁺. However, modelled total dry and wet non-marine S and N deposition decreased during the same period from 1070 to 682 × 10⁻³ keq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of H⁺ due to the lower projected emissions in 2020 and the dominance of wet deposition in the remote and upland study area (mean annual rainfall 2275 mm). The modelled total non-marine S and N deposition was used to calculate streamwater critical loads exceedance with the First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) model for five catchments in the study area. The modelled deposition for both the 2002 and 2020 scenarios was less than the calculated streamwater critical loads so the catchments were not considered at risk of streamwater acidification under the projected future emissions and increased broadleaf woodland cover. Nevertheless, broadleaf expansion could pose a greater risk of acidification in acid-sensitive areas with lower rainfall, closer to pollutant sources, where dry deposition accounts for a higher proportion of total S and N deposition.     

贵溪市毛竹林地立地条件适宜性分级评价

利用空间分析技术对江西省贵溪市林地立地条件进行分等定级,评价现状毛竹林地的适宜性,并基于关键限制因子分析了研究区近期可用于培育毛竹林地块的空间分布格局。     

集体林权制度改革后平原林区林农经营态度倾向研究——基于江苏南京的实证分析

基于南京市浦口区217个农户样本的实地调研数据,分析林改后平原林区林农的经营态度倾向。研究发现,由于城镇化致使预期林地增值,平原林区林农普遍无转出林地倾向。其次,由于林业比较收益较低,林业劳动人口呈老龄化趋势,加之平原林区＂小、散、弱＂的特点,经营成本较高,致使约五分之一林地出现闲置现象。再次,由于林农在一定程度上的短视性,部分林农将林地承包给林业公司经营时未考虑林地增值,自身利益受损。最后,林业专业合作社可能较好地适应平原林区林业经营需要,但是林业合作社的服务范围、质量以及利益分配影响合作社的发展。     

杉木连栽地营造不同混交林后的土壤生化特性及土壤肥力的研究

本文通过对杉木连栽多代林地及连栽地营造不同类型混交林后林地的上壤化学性状和土壤生化特性的比较研究,探讨杉木连栽多代的林地营造不同混交林后土壤酶活性及化学性状的变化趋势,土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量之间的相关性。试验结果表明:在杉木连栽多代后营造不同类型混交林,土壤的营养元素含量有显著的增加,以有机质增加最为显著,土壤的生化活性除了个别的酶外,不同类型的混交林显著比多代的杉木纯林高,其中以柳杉×薄姜木为最佳;各种土壤酶活性与土壤化学性状关系密切,单相关系数可达0.3452—0.9745,复相关系数0.8710—0.9745,可用土壤酶活性作为评价杉木连栽林地土壤改良中土壤肥力变化的指标之一;综合土壤酶活性及土壤化学性状进行聚类分析,表明杉木连栽后营造成不同类型的混交林,均能提高土壤肥力,有良好的改土作用,本研究中,以柳杉×薄姜木最为理想。     

妙峰山林地CO_2释放量的初步研究

对北京妙峰山地区３种不同林地类型（未成林造林地、已郁闭幼林地、成林地）的土壤ＣＯ_２释放量的动态研究表明，未成林林地的ＣＯ_２释放量明显高于有林地；林地ＣＯ_２释放量与土壤表层或亚表层的温度、湿度在一定范围内呈线性正相关，而与光照度无关；ＣＯ_２释放量昼夜变化也有一定规律。     

杉木感染根线虫病后林地土壤微生物及生化活性的研究——(Ⅰ)土壤微生物及微生物活性

对感染半穿刺线虫病后的杉木林地土壤微生物区系及微生物活性进行测定的结果表明:土壤微生物总数及参与碳、氮循环的主要几种微生物生理类群的数量明显减少,但土壤真菌数量有增加的趋势。土壤微生物活性强度包括氨化、硝化、固氮和纤维素分解作用强度明显减弱。研究结果揭示土壤肥力状况可能有恶化的趋势。     

杉木感染根线虫病后林地土壤微生物及生化活性的研究──Ⅱ土壤酶活性及土壤化学性质

被半穿刺线虫（Ｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｌｕｓｓｅｍｉｐｅｎｅｔｒａｎｓ）侵害后的杉木林地土壤酶活性及土壤化学性质的变化趋势经测试表明：土壤酶活性包括蛋白酶、脲酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶明显降低．土壤基本养分含量包括全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾明显下降．预示被线虫危害后杉木林地土壤生化活性强度呈减弱趋势，土壤肥力状况有趋与恶化的可能．γ０．０１＝０．７０６２．１．２脲酶脲酶能促进尿素水解，产生的氨是高等植物的直接氮源．表１表明，脲酶与土壤全磷呈极显著相关，与土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾呈显著相关．因此脲酶可作为土壤肥力的指标之一．２．１．３转化酶转化酶能催化蔗糖分解成葡萄糖和果糖，是参与土壤的碳素循环的重要酶类．从表１可知，转化酶与土壤有机质、全氮、水解性氮、速效磷、速效钾呈极显著相关，与全磷呈显著相关．表明转化酶不仅能促进土壤碳水化合物的转化，而且与土壤的氮、磷、钾的状况相关．２．１．４磷酸酶磷酸酶能促进土壤有机磷化合物的水解，使其有效化．由于土壤中大部分磷是以有机态存在，而且在酸性土壤中有机磷的含量特别高［７］．因此，磷酸酶对森林土壤来说具有特别重要的意义．磷酸酶活性能够反映土壤有机磷转?     

退耕还林还草下生态农业发展模式初探

在分析生态农业研究成果和退耕还林还草下生态经济系统演变特征的基础上,提出了黄土丘陵区应构建以“草、林—牧—农”型系统循环链网为中心,以“菜、果—农”型系统循环链网为重要补充,进而发展为“草、林、农—牧—工—商”型系统循环链网或“菜、果—工—商”型系统循环链网的商品型生态农业模式。     

土地利用变化对塔里木河中游荒漠林地动态的影响

[目的]探究塔里木河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带——肖塘地区的土地利用动态变化特征及其对荒漠林地动态格局的影响,为该区域土地资源合理利用以及荒漠林资源保护提供理论依据。[方法]根据肖塘地区1973—2010年4期遥感影像解译数据进行荒漠林地动态变化分析。[结果]荒漠林地从1973年占整个研究区面积的21.9%到2010年的16.9%,成为研究区变幅最大的土地利用类型。1973—2010年荒漠林地面积减少了13.19%,主要转变为农田,而且其年变化速率不断增大。[结论]近40a来,随着人类对肖塘地区持续的水土开发,研究区内荒漠林地处于持续退化的状态。天然植被的退化会进一步对该区域的生态安全构成威胁。     

Foraging pits of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) as small-scale patches in a semi-arid Australian box woodland

Many animals create disturbances on the soil surface while constructing habitat and resting sites, or foraging for food. This soil disturbance, which is sometimes known as biopedturbation, is a major contributor to landscape patchiness in arid and semi-arid environments. In the semi-arid woodlands of eastern Australia, the Short-Beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) creates a mosaic of foraging pits close to the canopies of large trees. The effects of pits on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils were compared at seven sites, each with two levels of disturbance (foraging pit vs. surface) and two canopy locations (under the canopy, in the open) associated with two tree species (Eucalyptus intertexta, Alectryon oleifolius). Foraging pits trapped twice the mass of litter compared with adjacent non-pit surfaces, and there was more litter under the tree canopies than in the open. Pits contained more bark and leaf material, and larger pits tended to trap more litter. Soil electrical conductivity levels were lower in the pits, and although there were greater concentrations of soil nutrients under the canopy, the concentrations of total carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were lower in the pits compared with the surface. Changes in litter mass did not explain differences in soil carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus. Soil in the pit was moister and more porous, and surface temperatures below the litter in the pits about 2 °C lower than at the surface. Respiration was about 30% greater in the pits, and both the early (sorptivity) and late (steady-state infiltration) stages of infiltration were significantly greater in the pits. Soil micro-arthropods were more abundant in the pits, which supported a different complement of taxa, but a similar diversity, to non-pit surfaces. Our results indicate that echidna foraging pits act as substantial resource traps. Given their extensive distribution in semi-arid woodlands, and their marked influence on soil biogeochemistry, echidnas should be seen as important ecosystem engineers in woodland critical for the maintenance of small-scale patchiness and, therefore, the efficient functioning of arid and semi-arid ecosystems.