Coastal winds and larval fish abundance indicate a recruitment mechanism for southeast Australian estuarine fisheries

Coastal winds transport water masses and larval fish onshore or offshore which may influence estuarine recruitment, yet our understanding of the mechanism underlying this relationship is limited. Here, we combine datasets from a historical database of larval fish off southeast Australia with a high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis model to show that normalised abundance of coastally spawned larvae increased with weak to moderate upwelling favourable winds 14 days prior to sampling. The increase in abundance may reflect increased nutrient and plankton availability for larval fish. Normalised larval abundance decreased following strong upwelling favourable winds but increased after onshore (downwelling favourable) winds, due to wind-driven transport. By combining a commercial estuarine fisheries catch-rate dataset (4 species, 8 estuaries, 10 years) and the high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis model, we show that negative effects of upwelling favourable winds during the spawning period can be detected in lagged estuarine commercial fisheries catch rates (lagged by 2–8 years depending on species' growth rates), potentially representing the same mechanism proposed for larval fish. Upwelling favourable winds in the southeast Australian region have increased since 1850 while onshore winds have decreased, which may have reduced larval recruitment to estuaries. Coastal winds are likely an important factor for estuarine recruitment in the southeast Australian region and future research on the estuarine recruitment of fish should incorporate coastal winds.     

Preferential distribution of fish larvae in the California Current System: Time,space, and temperature

The preferential larval distributions of 22 fish species in the California Current System were identified in their temporal, spatial, and thermal domains using single parameter quotient analysis. This analysis allowed the characterization of their reproductive habitats based on ranges of preference, tolerance, and avoidance. In the temporal domain, the species’ preference intervals were wider than those previously reported, and all species showed preferences during two or more seasons of the year. In the spatial domain, the preferential distributions of the species were also wider, and some of them had different preferred zones from those described in previous works. Because one group of species was preferably distributed in coastal zones, and the other group was preferably distributed in oceanic zones, the biological production mechanisms sustaining these groups differ, namely, coastal upwelling and geostrophic fluxes of subarctic origin, respectively. In the thermal domain, the larval distribution preferences of 20 of 22 species have been determined for the first time, providing important information on their thermal tolerance window during the larval stage, a window that changes in width throughout each of the ontogenetic stages of fish. The distribution in each domain suggests association patterns between species, but additional studies are necessary to validate these patterns.     

Population dynamics of Calanus chilensis in the Chilean Eastern Boundary Humboldt Current

A study of the population dynamics of Calanus chilensis was carried out in the coastal area of the Mejillones Peninsula (23°S), which is an upwelling site in the Eastern Boundary Humboldt Current. Information was derived from time-series sampling (15 day interval) at three stations, and from two broad-scale cruises: under active upwelling, and under 1997/1998 El Niño conditions. Calanus chilensis showed continuous reproduction throughout the year. In the study area, upwelling takes place intermittently year-round, suggesting that Calanus production is not limited by food. Advection played an important role in structuring the spatial distribution of Calanus , both during upwelling and under El Niño conditions. Population losses from upwelling and offshore transport may be compensated by rapid turnover rates of cohorts, growing at temperature-dependent rates and hence allowing population recovery, even in abnormally warm waters during El Niño conditions.     

Variation in the distribution of ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) recruits: links with coastal upwelling and climate change

In this analysis, an atypical northward shift in the distribution of age‐1 ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) recruits off Oregon in 2000 and 2002–2004 was linked to anomolously strong coastal upwelling winds off southern Oregon (42°N latitude) in April–July of the year of larval release (t?1). This is the first clear evidence that strong upwelling winds can depress local recruitment of ocean shrimp. Regression analysis confirmed a long‐term negative correlation between log_e of ocean shrimp recruitment and April sea level height (SLH) at Crescent City, California, in the year of larval release, for both northern and southern Oregon waters. The regional pattern of ocean shrimp catches and seasonal upwelling winds showed that, although the timing of the spring transition as reflected in April SLH drives ocean shrimp recruitment success off Oregon generally, the strength and consistency of spring upwelling limits the distribution of large concentrations of ocean shrimp at the southern end of the northern California/Oregon/Washington area. A northward shift in 1999 and 2001–03 in the northern edge of this ‘zone of maximum upwelling’ is the likely cause of the weak southern Oregon recruitment and resulting atypical distribution of ocean shrimp observed off Oregon in 2000 and 2002–04, with a return to a more typical catch distribution as spring upwelling moderated in subsequent years. It is noted that a northward shift in the conditions that produce strong and steady spring upwelling winds is consistent with many predictions of global climate models under conditions of global warming.     

沉降对多孔方型人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟

礁体沉降作为人工鱼礁投放后普遍产生的现象,对人工鱼礁周围流场会产生影响。为研究多孔方型人工鱼礁不同沉降情况下流场效应的变化,采用计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)技术,利用Fluent软件模拟在固定来流流速为0.8 m/s时,5种不同沉降程度下单体鱼礁周围的流场情况。结果显示:与无沉降时(初始状态)相比,在沉降程度为20%时,上升流最大高度降低约1.0 m,最大上升流流速增大约0.015 m/s,侧向流速增大区域(大于来流速度)扩大至1.5倍左右,同时礁体背流面透水区域增大,背涡流区域沿水流方向移动约2 m,礁体周围流场情况一定程度上变得更加复杂;在沉降程度为40%时,上升流流速最大值与初始状态相比减少约为0.010 m/s,侧向流增大区域基本一致,此时礁体背流面透水区变化较大,有形成一个逆时针涡旋的趋势;当沉降程度达到60%时,礁体周围流场效应开始明显下降,上升流最大高度相较于初始状态降低约3.2 m,上升流最大流速降低约0.600 m/s,侧向流速增大区域与壁面间距缩短约0.4 m,背涡流区域有消失的迹象;在沉降程度达到80%时,礁体流场效应基本丧失。研究表明,对于多孔方型人工鱼礁,在沉降程度40%以内,人工鱼礁仍然能够发挥着较好的流场效应;礁体在沉降程度达到60%时,礁体周围流场复杂程度相较于初始状态有明显损失,之后随着沉降深度增加,礁体流场效应逐渐消失。     

双层十字翼型人工鱼礁流场效应的数值模拟

本文基于Ansys Fluent平台，采用湍流模型中的大涡模拟方法（large eddy simulation, LES）对双层十字翼型人工鱼礁四种子礁的流场效应进行了数值模拟，采用比混凝土体积法分析其背涡流体积、上升流体积、向上水体输运通量等流场效应数据，得到双层十字翼型鱼礁的最优礁体构造，以期为人工鱼礁的设计和选型提供科学依据。结果表明：双层十字翼型鱼礁加顶板对流场效应并无增益，上升流和背涡流相对体积变小；侧板结构对礁体的上升流和背涡流效应有明显的增益，上升流和背涡流相对体积逐渐变大，全侧板D型礁体的上升流和背涡流效应最强，上升流相对体积可达无侧板B型礁体的13.50~25.48倍，背涡流相对体积达1.40~1.61倍；向上水体输运通量约在一倍礁高处达到最大值，约在两倍礁高处降为最大值的1/2左右。迎流角度的改变，对D型礁体流场效应的影响无显著差异，表明本型礁体对自然海域的潮流流向有很好的适应性。     

南海北部海域夏季仔稚鱼种类组成和主要环境因子的关系

基于2012年夏季在南海北部海域设置的23个站位,以WP2浮游生物网(网口内径57 cm,网长271 cm,网目200 μm)进行垂直拖网采集的样本,研究仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量分布,分析南海北部海域水文特征与仔稚鱼分布的相关关系。研究共采集仔稚鱼230尾,隶属11目33科77种,其中8种鉴定到科,23种鉴定到属,46种鉴定到种。鲈形目(Perciformes)种类最多,有16科24种,占调查海域仔稚鱼种类数的31.17%。其次是灯笼鱼目(Myctophiformes)和巨口鱼目(Stomiiformes),分别为1科18种和4科12种。灯笼鱼科(Myctophidae)、巨口光灯鱼科(Phosichthyidae)、钻光鱼科(Gonostomatidae)的仔稚鱼数量约占仔稚鱼总捕获量的50%。各站位间仔稚鱼种类数的变化,与丰富度指数的变化趋势较为一致。总体而言,粤东海域和琼东海域的仔稚鱼群落结构相对稳定。夏季南海北部琼东沿岸上升流海区、珠江冲淡水海区以及西沙群岛近岸海区仔稚鱼丰度相对较高。典型相关性分析(CCA)结果表明,南海北部仔稚鱼的数量分布与海表面温度(SST)和叶绿素a质量浓度(Chl.a)密切相关。聚类分析结果显示,仔稚鱼群落可划分为2个群组,大洋组和近海组。