Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

Water use of spring wheat to raise water productivity

In semi-arid environments with a shortage of water resources and a risk of overexplotation of water supplies, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crop that can reduce water use and increase water productivity, because it takes advantage of spring rainfall and is harvested before the evaporative demands of summer. We carried out an experiment in 2003 at “Las Tiesas” farm, located between Barrax and Albacete (Central Spain), to improve accuracy in the estimation of wheat evapotranspiration (ETc) by using a weighing lysimeter. The measured seasonal ETc averages (5.63 mm day⁻¹) measured in the lysimeter was 417 mm compared to the calculated ETc values (5.31 mm day⁻¹) calculated with the standard FAO methodology of 393 mm. The evapotranspiration crop coefficient (Kc) derived from lysimetric measurements was Kc-mid: 1.20 and Kc-end: 0.15. The daily lysimeter Kc values were fit to the evolution linearly related to the green cover fraction (fc), which follows the crop development pattern. Seasonal soil evaporation was estimated as 135 mm and the basal crop coefficient approach was calculated in this study, Kcb which separates crop transpiration from soil evaporation (evaporation coefficient, Ke) was calculated and related to the green cover fraction (fc) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by field radiometry in case of wheat. The results obtained by this research will permit the reduction of water use and improvement of water productivity for wheat, which is of vital importance in areas of limited water resources.     

参考作物腾发量计算方法的适用性研究

选用5种方法,利用陕西6站的气象资料,计算了各站逐日ET0。并以FAO56 Penman-Monteith(P-M)法为标准,对其它方法进行评价。结果表明,在陕西6地区,5种方法计算的ET0变化趋势基本相同,但数值上有一定差异,所有的差异随ET0的增大而增大。Hargreaves法计算结果差异性较小,适用性较好;1948Penman和Priestley-Taylor二方法估值较FAO24 Penman法更接近P-M法的计算结果;缺气象资料时,Priestley-Taylor法可获得较好估值,且更适用于湿润地区;FAO24 Penman法也能获得较好结果,但其估值精度低于Priestley-Taylor法,一般不宜采用。同时分析了P-M法计算的ET0值和水面蒸发量之间的关系,为利用水面蒸发资料估算陕西6地区ET0值提供参考。     

作物灌水量随机模拟研究

针对降雨、蒸发蒸腾量的随机性,在制定作物灌溉计划时,将降雨、蒸发蒸腾量进行随机化处理,采用基于时间序列的随机水文学方法对降雨和蒸发过程进行了模拟,将随机模拟出的降水、蒸发蒸腾结果代入水量平衡方程,从而确定灌溉时间和灌水量。经过和实测序列进行对比,模拟值和实际值拟合较好,最大误差仅为4.74%,可为科学制定作物灌溉计划提供参考。     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算简化方法

基于国家“863”节水农业重大专项子课题示范现场的气象资料,对参考作物蒸发蒸腾量及其影 响因素进行了相关性分析。选取净辐射和空气饱和差建立了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的简化计算公式,并引 入风速函数进行修正。研究结果表明:参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与净辐射相关系数最大,然后依次是空气饱 和差、日照时数和温度;且与净辐射和空气饱和差呈直线关系,与日照时数和温度呈指数关系,而与相对 湿度呈负相关关系;考虑风速修正后的简化公式与标准方法(FA056 Penman-Monteith)的计算结果有较 高的一致性。     

西北干旱灌区不同地膜覆盖利用方式对玉米水分利用的影响

【目的】资源型缺水严重制约干旱灌区的农业生产,传统玉米生产模式地膜投入量大。在极端高温和生态环境污染的挑战日益加剧的情境下,探讨通过免耕地膜重复利用维持较高水分利用的可行性,以期为构建试区地膜减量玉米高效生产技术提供理论支撑。【方法】2017—2018年,在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,设置免耕地膜重复利用（免耕覆膜,NM）、秋免耕春覆膜（少耕覆膜,RM）与传统耕作每年覆盖新膜（传统覆膜,对照,CM）3种地膜覆盖利用方式,研究其对玉米田土壤水分利用的影响,以期为优化试区玉米高产高效栽培管理技术提供理论依据。【结果】NM与RM处理较CM处理提高玉米播种时0—120 cm土层平均土壤重量含水量,分别为7.8%与5.1%,这为玉米播种创造良好的土壤水分环境。玉米播种—拔节期及吐丝—灌浆初期,NM处理较CM处理提高0—120 cm土层平均土壤重量含水量,分别为5.0%与4.7%,弥补了灌浆期玉米植株旺盛生长对土壤水分的大量需求。与CM处理相比,NM处理增加了玉米播种—大喇叭口期的耗水量,降低了玉米吐丝—灌浆初期的耗水量,增大了玉米灌浆初期—收获期的耗水量,有效协调玉米各生育阶段的水分需求关系。虽然NM处理较RM与CM处理提高了玉米吐丝期之前的棵间蒸发量,分别为11.7%与26.0%,提高棵间蒸发量占耗水量的比例（E/ET）,分别为13.4%与19.9%,但是NM处理较RM与CM处理降低了玉米吐丝期之后的棵间蒸发量,分别为9.2%与19.4%,降低E/ET,分别为9.7%与20.7%,说明NM处理有利于增强玉米吐丝期之后土壤水分的有效利用。因而,在地膜减投与免耕措施下,NM处理获得与RM及CM处理相当的籽粒产量与水分利用效率。【结论】在西北干旱灌区,应用免耕地膜重复利用并没有导致玉米产量和水分利用效率的降低,具有稳定产量及水分利用效率的作用,是玉米生产中地膜减投的可行措施。     

滴灌条件下枣园蒸散量的显著气象因子分析

【目的】研究不同参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)与显著气象因子的相关性,分析各显著气象因子对滴灌枣园实际蒸散量(ET_c)的贡献率。【方法】在阿克苏地区枣树滴灌试验,选取Penman-Monteith(PM)、Hargreaves-Samani(HS)、Priestley-Taylo(PT)模型,采用多元线性回归分析不同ET₀的显著气象因子,以及各显著气象因子对枣园ET_c的贡献率。【结果】平均相对湿度(RH)与ET₀呈负相关,太阳辐射(R_n)、天顶辐射(R_a)、最高温度(T_max)、最低温度(T_min)、平均温度(T)、风速(U)与ET₀呈正相关;各模型的显著气象因子对ET_c贡献率为:PM-R_n(62.6%)、U(19.9%)、T(11.8%)和RH(5.7%);HS-T_max(55.1%)、T_min(30.1%)、R_a(11.6%)和T(3.2%);PT-R_n(84.1%)、T(12%)和T_min(3.9%)。【结论】T_max及R_n对滴灌枣园ET_c贡献率最大。     

湿地生态系统实际蒸散发数据驱动估算模型研究

利用Fluxnet2015全球通量塔观测数据集,研究了随机森林（RF）、梯度增强回归分析（GBR）、支持向量回归（SVR）和深度学习神经网络（DNN）预测湿地生态系统的实际蒸散发（Evaporation,ET）。通过对比研究,确定了预测实际蒸散发的最佳特征变量组合,包括短波辐射、净辐射、初级生产总值、气温、土壤温度、风速、降水、经度、纬度和时间。以此为模型输入,利用Fluxnet2015站点测试数据集和ERA5-Land再分析资料提供的输入特征,对比分析了不同模型的实际蒸散发估计精度,结果表明：以站点数据为输入,SVR算法精度相对较高,其R²可达0.896,RPE最小为31.5%;以ERA5-Land再分析资料为输入,除了GBR算法以外,其余3种方法R²高于0.820,RPE小于57%。另外,模型算法估计的ET精度要明显高于ERA5-Land再分析资料提供的ET产品。