Numerical simulation on multi jet diffusion combustion of low concentration coal bed methane

It is important to utilize coal bed methane to achieve the safe, environmental and economic benefits. The authors simulate the processes of multi jet diffusion combustion of low concentration coal bed methane using k ε turbulence model,non premixed combustion model and P1 radiation model. The influences of different geometrical structures and operating parameters on the combustion process are compared with each other. The results show that the distance between the gas nozzles and central axis,the angle of gas deflected from air ,the velocity ratio of air to gas have important impacts on the combustion. When the distance, the deflection angle and the velocity ratio are 30 mm,45 °and 2, respectively. The best combustion result can be achieved.     

Dendrometric and dasometric analysis of the bushy biomass in Mediterranean forests

The aim of this study was to define the dendrometric and dasometric parameters of five Mediterranean bushy plant species, to make their environmental assessment and to determine correlations with LIDAR data. The species studied were: Quercus coccifera, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ulex parviflorus, Cistus albidus, and Erica multiflora. We calculated the global form factor for each species so as to be able to determine the volume of the plants by measuring their base diameter and length. The model volume closest to the real volume was the cylinder, which had form factor values of between 0.8 and 2.33. We also studied the evolution of the moisture content of the vegetation after cutting. The initial values were from 20 to 30%, with a dry density of 1 t/m³. We defined an occupation factor to determine the relationship between the real volume occupied by the plants in an area and a model volume (hemisphere, paraboloid, cone, and cylinder). The occupation factor was similar for the five species studied in dm³ of material per m³ of (model) apparent volume: 3.5 dm³/m³ for the cylinder; 12.5 dm³/m³ for the cone; 8.5 dm³/m³ for the paraboloid; and 14.5 dm³/m³ for the hemisphere. These factors enabled us to calculate the biomass contained in an apparent volume of bushes (including materials and hollows) by density. The prediction models tested in this study will thus serve to determine the biomass of a bushy forest area when the Canopy Height Model (CHM) is calculated from LIDAR data.     

水热生物炭燃烧特性与动力学分析

采用热重法对锯末、玉米秸秆水热生物炭燃烧特性及动力学进行了研究,考察了不同升温速率(10、20、40℃/min)对燃烧特性的影响,分析了它们的燃烧特性及动力学参数。结果表明:1)水热炭化前后生物质燃烧质量损失集中在挥发分和固定碳燃烧阶段,升温速率快,着火温度、燃尽温度高,整体向高温区转移,综合燃烧特性指数越大;2)40℃/min时,锯末水热生物炭综合燃烧特性指数远大于玉米秸秆,在其余升温速率下区别不明显;3)以20℃/min相同升温速率时,锯末、玉米秸秆水热生物综合炭燃烧特性相对于未炭化生物质下降27%、13%;4)采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对水热生物炭燃烧动力学进行了研究,一级反应动力学能很好的描述2种生物炭的燃烧动力学,相关系数(R2)均高于0.9,挥发分阶段活化能大于固定碳阶段的活化能。研究结果可为水热生物炭的燃烧应用能提供理论指导。     

小型涡流室柴油机供油与燃烧系统协同匹配

小型涡流室柴油机的供油与燃烧系统优化是满足不断加严排放法规的基础。该文以某170F涡流室柴油机为研究对象,运用模拟计算与试验结合的方法,对其供油及燃烧系统开展研究。借助工程软件构建了供油系统仿真模型,通过设计长型短结构喷油器、优化供油系统参数,来提高喷油压力和优化喷油特性;利用FIRE软件对燃烧过程进行模拟,找出了喷油油线在涡流室内位置及燃烧室容积比的最佳范围。柴油机优化后整机初次试验气体比排放低于国家第三阶段排放限值,CO和HC+NOX分别较原机下降了72.8%和21.3%(八工况循环),标定工况烟度由原机4.5下降到1.2 BSU,有效燃油消耗率较原机下降了约16.1%。该研究工作为小型涡流室柴油机性能提高和节能减排提供了参考。     

Quantification of Organic Carbon in Soils: A Comparison of Methodologies and Assessment of the Carbon Content of Organic Matter

Abstract

Renewed interest in temporal soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes has stressed the importance of reliable methods for quantitative assessment of organic compound (OC) content. Particularly with the establishment of modern dry‐combustion analyzers, which are replacing the traditional wet‐oxidation methods, the need for correct relationships between both is of crucial importance for comparison of past and current SOC data in long‐term SOC stock change studies. Dry combustion with a Variomax CNS‐analyzer was the standard to evaluate three other methods for Belgian agricultural soils. Excellent linear relationships were found with the Walkey and Black method and the Springer and Klee method, whereas a Shimadzu TOC‐analyzer slightly underestimated the OC content. Precision of the investigated methods was comparable and tended to be dependent on the sample size used for measurement. The OC oxidation efficiency of the most widely applied method of Walkey and Black for the soils in this study was very close to the generally accepted 75%. Mass loss on ignition at 800°C could be very well related to the soil OC content and the clay content. The traditional factor of 1.724 used to convert OC measurements to organic matter percentages is not valid for the investigated soils, which demonstrates that rather regional‐specific factors (in this study 1.911) should be determined and adopted.     

不同洗涤蜂窝煤灰渣对污染土壤中铅的稳定作用研究

蜂窝煤灰渣具有稳定污染土壤中铅的作用,但可增大土壤pH和电导率（EC）。将蜂窝煤灰渣经过水洗和稀盐酸酸洗后加入铅污染土壤（1 000 mg·kg-1 Pb）,研究了不同处理灰渣对铅有效性和土壤性质的影响。结果表明,灰渣经水洗和酸洗后,其pH（分别下降1.94、3.70）和电导率（0.785、0.890 mS·cm-1）明显下降,重金属有效性和全量也有一定程度的下降。水洗和酸洗灰渣加入土壤后,土壤磷有效性有一定的上升。污染土壤在未加磷条件下加入原灰渣、水洗灰渣和酸洗灰渣后,DTPA-Pb含量分别下降67.2、195、117 mg·kg-1,加磷情况下加入这3种灰渣土壤DTPA-Pb含量分别降低102、91.8、86.8 mg·kg-1,各处理与对照的差异均达到0.05的显著水平。连续提取的结果表明,不同处理对土壤铅形态的影响不明显。     

“双壁面射流”燃烧系统性能的试验研究

为了改善直喷柴油机的排放与经济性能,该文开发了一种直喷柴油机"双壁面射流"燃烧系统。通过试验的方法研究了燃烧室结构参数、喷油器结构参数、转速、负荷及喷油时刻等运行条件对"双壁面射流"燃烧系统燃烧过程的影响。试验结果表明:随转速的增加,着火始点向后推迟,缸压峰值呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,瞬时放热率峰值、缸内燃烧平均温度和累计放热量都降低;随负荷的增加,着火点提前,缸压峰值对应的曲轴转角向后推迟,缸压峰值、缸内燃烧平均温度和累计放热量都增加,总指示热效率随负荷的增加而降低。不同燃烧室结构参数和喷油器参数的"双壁面射流"燃烧系统燃烧持续期,在2100r/min的负荷特性中,小负荷主要受压缩比的影响,大负荷主要受预混合燃烧量的影响;总指示热效率主要受压缩比和壁面油膜生成量的影响;而NOx与碳烟排放受预混合燃烧量和贯穿度的影响。将"双壁面射流"燃烧系统静态供油提前角提前到18°CA BTDC,能实现扭矩点与功率点同为0.21BSU的低碳烟排放。     

直线发动机低转速空燃比及燃烧特性

基于自主研发的直线发动机台架,进行直线发动机起动试验,采用速度-密度法,分析得到直线发动机在低转速时的循环进气量计算公式,并试验标定了直线发动机电控喷油器的流量特性。基于循环进气量计算公式与试验标定的直线发动机电控喷油器的流量特性,利用直线发动机起动试验测得的进气压力及缸压信号,计算得到当直线发动机起动循环喷油脉宽为5.4ms、点火时刻为上止点前1.0mm、发动机转速为575r/min时的空燃比为7.92,燃烧累积放热量为66J。研究表明,当活塞位于上止点前26mm时,循环进气量与此时进气道的瞬时进气压力线性度为0.03,线性特性最好。研究结果可为后续直线发动机空燃比计算及燃烧特性分析提供参考。     

二叔丁基过氧化物对生物柴油燃烧过程及排放的影响

采用十六烷值改进剂二叔丁基过氧化物(Di-tert-butyl peroxide,DTBP)对生物柴油的着火性能进行改进。通过柴油机台架试验,测量了标定转速2900r/min、不同负荷时柴油机的气缸压力和排放污染物,考察了DTBP不同添加比对生物柴油燃烧过程及排放的影响。研究结果表明,随着DTBP添加比例的增加,着火延迟期及缸内最高爆发压力均有所降低,DTBP添加比例为0.75%时,滞燃期缩短1.2°CA左右,燃烧持续期缩短3°CA左右,缸内最高爆发压力降低2.5%;添加DTBP后,HC、CO、NOx排放均有所改善,DTBP添加比例为0.25%时,排放降低最多:HC排放降低42.7%,CO排放降低13.9%,NOx排放降低15.7%,随着DTBP添加比的增加,排放略有升高,但对碳烟排放影响不大。     

进气道燃料喷射氢内燃机回火机理与控制研究

建立了包含进气道和气缸的氢内燃机三维仿真模型,研究了进气道燃料喷射氢内燃机不同转速和负荷条件下的回火机理.提出了通过优化喷氢相位,使低浓度混合气在进气门打开时首先进入气缸,降低缸内废气和热点温度,从而抑制回火的方法.仿真分析了不同转速和负荷条件下喷氢相位对进气门处混合气浓度和温度的影响,得到了最优的喷氢相位.经试验验证,优化的喷氢相位使氢内燃机能够在全工况内达到或超过混合气化学当量燃空比无回火工作.