纳米微晶纤维素的黏度行为和谱学特征

纳米微晶纤维素不但具有纤维素的基本结构与性能,同时又具有纳米微粒的特性,具有广泛的应用价值.通过TEM、X射线衍射、FT-IR对纳米微晶纤维素的形态特点、结构特征及性能特点做了初步探讨,并研究了纳米微晶纤维素胶体的质量分数、温度、剪切速率、pH值、盐质量分数对纳米微晶纤维素胶体黏度的影响.     

外源复合酶对移地保护圈养马来熊日粮营养消化率的影响

利用外源复合酶对移地保护圈养的 9只马来熊日粮营养物质及能量消化率进行了测定 ,经单因子方差分析结果表明 ,在圈养马来熊日粮中添加一定量的外源复合酶 ,能提高马来熊对日粮营养物质的消化率 ,其中 ,添加 0 3%饲料量的酶能显著提高日粮粗蛋白的消化率(P <0 0 5) ;添加 0 5%的酶 ,能显著提高日粮粗纤维、粗蛋白质消化率 (P <0 0 5)。此研究结果可应用于马来熊的饲养中 ,提高其饲料报酬     

罗布麻韧皮非纤维素生物降解的工艺基础

在综合国内外相关研究文献资料的基础上,介绍了开发罗布麻纤维的研究现状、麻类脱胶菌种及其工艺研究、麻类脱胶机理研究的基础工作。同时,指出了罗布麻韧皮中非纤维素生物降解研究的难点在于规范收获方法。     

双峰驼精清诱导排卵活性成分的DEAE—纤维素柱层析分离及其生物活性

选用DEAE－纤维素离子交换柱对双峰驼精清进行分离，各层析组分用于大鼠垂体组织体外培养，并给母驼肌注有活性的组分，以RIA法测定垂体组织培养液和母驼血浆中LH及FSH的浓度。结果表明，驼精清经DEAE－纤维素柱分离后可得到5个蛋白组分（L1－L5），其中L3在大鼠垂体培养时引起LH释放明显增加（P＜0．05），FSH则无明显变化。给卵巢上无大卵泡发育的母驼肌注有活性的组分L3，可引起血浆中LH明显升高，FSH也无变化。由此表明，L3在体内外试验中均具有引起LH释放的生物活性，它可能是诱导排卵的活性因子或其成分之一。     

棉花纤维发育后期Mg2+,K+-ATP酶的活性分析

1989～1990年选用陆地棉(G.hirstum L.)北农1号品种和海岛棉(G.barbadenseL.)海7124品种为材料,对棉纤维发育后期的纤维素形成过程进行了研究。结果表明:①随着棉纤维的发育 Mg~(2+),K~+-ATP 酶活性逐渐下降。②Mg~(2+),K~+-ATP 酶活性的最适 pH 值为6.5。Mg~(2+),K~+ATP 酶活性随[Mg~(2+)],[K~+]和[NADH]/[NAD~+]的增大而变大。③Mg~(2+),K~+ATP 酶活性变化与还原性糖含量变化呈显著正相关(r=0.811~*),与纤维素含量变化呈极显著负相关(r=-0.900~(**))。④Mg~(2+),K~+-ATP 酶参与了纤维素的形成过程。     

大豆油不同添加水平对瘤胃体外发酵和产气的影响

本试验通过体外培养,研究在精粗比为30:70(偏粗型)日粮类型条件下,不同大豆油添加水平对产气量、甲烷产量、pH值和纤维降解率的影响.结果表明:随着大豆油添加水平的提高,产气量和甲烷产量逐渐降低,且各添加组显著低于对照组;pH值随着培养时间的延长,各添加水平在不同培养时间点与对照组相比均上升,其中添加量为4%和6%与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),添加量为8%时,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01);培养24 h后.纤维降解率的抑制潜力8%水平最大,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01),其次是6%的添加水平.与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05).而2%和4%添加水平对纤维降解率的抑制程度与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05).通过产气量、pH值和纤维降解率综合考察大豆油对瘤胃体外发酵和产气的影响,本试验得出大豆油的最适添加量为4%.     

Microbial protein formation of different carbohydrates in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial protein yield of different pure carbohydrates to contribute to a more precise prediction of the microbial protein formed in the rumen. In a first experiment, sucrose, wheat starch, microcrystalline cellulose and citrus pectin were incubated for 8 and 24 hr in the modified Hohenheim gas test (HGT) system (3 runs × 2 syringes) including gas production, ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration measurements. Ammonia values were used for estimation of the microbial protein formation. In a second experiment, the same substrates were incubated for 96 hr in the HGT system (2 runs × 3 syringes) and gas production was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr of incubation to obtain the fermentation kinetics and the time of half‐maximal gas production (t_1/2) of the substrates. The substrates differed considerably in their fermentation kinetics, and therefore, comparison on the basis of t_1/2 was chosen as the most meaningful. At t_1/2, microbial protein yield [g/kg dry matter] was higher for cellulose than for sucrose and pectin and higher for starch than for sucrose. The microbial protein expressed in g/L gas production was higher for starch and cellulose than for sucrose and pectin at t_1/2. Effects of carbohydrates related to ruminal pH may remain undetected in in vitro trials.     

造纸废水对湿地芦苇纤维素含量的影响

芦苇(Phragmites australis)是较好的造纸材料,其纤维素含量高低直接影响造纸的价值,纤维素越高,制浆、漂白工艺越简单,成纸紧度、透明度越高。为研究造纸废水灌溉对芦苇纤维素含量的作用效果,以灌溉造纸废水的芦苇茎和叶为试验对象,测定不同灌溉期和不同浓度废水下芦苇茎和叶的纤维素含量。结果表明,1)灌溉300mg·L-1浓度废水对芦苇纤维素含量影响最大,出苗期芦苇茎纤维素含量表现为:300mg·L-1(36.39%)175mg·L-1(35.39%)50mg·L-1(34.73%)0(33.45%);2)在快速生长期灌溉废水最利于芦苇纤维素的积累,如浓度为300mg·L-1时芦苇茎纤维素含量变化量表现为快速生长期(11.75%)抽穗期(9.64%)成熟期(9.6%)展叶期(7.68%)出苗期(3.64%);3)芦苇纤维素含量总体表现为茎叶,如在出苗期灌溉浓度为300mg·L-1的废水,芦苇纤维素含量表现为茎(33.45%)叶(22.11%);4)废水浓度(X)对芦苇纤维素含量(Y)有显著影响(P0.05),二者的回归方程分别为Y茎=0.012 X+0.379 8,Y叶=0.008 X+0.249 2。     

结晶纤维素的降解

随着化石能源的日益消耗及其对环境的污染加重,寻求可再生的清洁能源已成为各国关注的焦点。木质纤维素是地球上最多的有机聚合物,对于解决能源危机具有巨大的潜力,但没有得到有效的利用,纤维素结晶区的存在是阻碍其降解的重大难题。本文介绍了结晶纤维素的结构、解结晶方法及优良的降解菌种;纤维素酶的结构和功能;降解结晶纤维素的机制;纤维素酶的基因工程和酶工程改造。突出应加大对耐热、高效的结晶纤维素降解菌株的挖掘,并深入探究碳水化合物结合结构域的相关作用机理,这对结晶纤维素的高效降解具有重要意义。     

Resistance mechanism to carboxylic acid amide fungicides in the cucurbit downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis

BACKGROUND: Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal oomycete agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is responsible for enormous crop losses in many species of Cucurbitaceae, particularly in cucumber and melon. Disease control is mainly achieved by combinations of host resistance and fungicide applications. However, since 2004, resistance to downy mildew in cucumber has been overcome by the pathogen, thus driving farmers to rely only on fungicide spray applications, including carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. Recently, CAA‐resistant isolates of P. cubensis were recovered, but the underlying mechanism of resistance was not revealed. The purpose of the present study was to identify the molecular mechanism controlling resistance to CAAs in P. cubensis. RESULTS: The four CesA (cellulose synthase) genes responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in P. cubensis were characterised. Resistant strains showed a mutation in the CesA3 gene, at position 1105, leading to an amino acid exchange from glycine to valine or tryptophan. Cross‐resistance tests with different CAAs indicated that these mutations lead to resistance against all tested CAAs. CONCLUSION: Point mutations in the CesA3 gene of P. cubensis lead to CAA resistance. Accurate monitoring of these mutations among P. cubensis populations may improve/facilitate adequate recommendation/deployment of fungicides in the field. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry