高寒草原放牧绵羊瘤胃液酸度、温度和游离氨浓度的动态变化

通过瘤胃瘘管采样测定了高寒草原放牧条件下绵羊瘤胃液ｐＨ、温度、游离氨浓度的变化动态，结果表明绵羊瘤胃液ｐＨ值、温度和游离氨浓度平均值在８：００时分别为６．７４、３９．０℃、１３．５８ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ，变化范围分别为５．４０～７．２７、３６．７～３９．７℃、４．６３～４１．０６ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ；在２０：００时分别为５．５７、３９．５℃、１０．９１ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ，变化范围分别为５．２３～７．７７、３８．０～４０．３℃、５．６６～１９．６４ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ。游离氨浓度日内变幅（４．６２～１０．８１）低于日间（８：００时５．６６～１９．６４，２０：００时１１．３２～４１．０６），波动较为强烈。温度和游离氨浓度的高峰值与ｐＨ值的低峰值对应出现。     

氯化铵对土壤酸碱度和硝化作用的影响

氯化铵对遂宁石灰质紫色土的酸碱度影响不大,而对重庆中性紫色土的酸碱度有明显影响,其pH值比其他几种化肥处理的低0.2左右;供试的几种肥料中,氯化铵处理的土壤硝化作用显著降低。因此,施用氯化铵可减少氮素流失;氯化铵中氯离子在土壤中易于移动,其流失量约为硫酸根离子的2～3倍。     

铵态氮源和碳源对土壤N2O、CO2释放的影响

在田间持水量WFPS为70%、温度为20℃的条件下,通过室内静态培养方法研究铵态氮源与不同碳源结合,对华北平原典型小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤N₂O、CO₂释放的影响。其中,碳源种类分别为葡萄糖、果胶、淀粉、纤维素、木质素和秸秆。结果表明添加葡萄糖和果胶有效促进了土壤N₂O的释放,并在第1 d达到最大值,分别为4039.85 μg N₂O-N·kg^-1·d^-1和2533.44 μg N₂O-N·kg^-1·d^-1;添加纤维素和只施秸秆处理降低了N₂O释放。施入碳源增加了CO₂释放,顺序为纤维素> 淀粉> 葡萄糖> 果胶> 秸秆> 木质素。培养结束后土壤中铵态氮几乎消耗完全,除添加葡萄糖处理外,其他施碳土壤的硝态氮含量均有所增加。在培养前3 d,土壤NH₄⁺和NO₃^-总含量与N₂O释放量显著相关。     

不同肥力红壤有机无机复合体的氮素特征与供应性能

选取第四纪红色粘土母质发育的不同肥力红壤样品，利用超声波分散技术分离出不同粒级有机无机复合体，进行氮素分布、铵吸附和解吸特性的研究。结果表明：全氮、重组氮和碱解氮主要分布在＜５μｍ各粒级复合体中，它们的富集率在＜２μｍ和２～５μｍ粒级复合体中大于１；而在５～１０μｍ和１０～５０μｍ复合体中小于１。全氮、重组氮和碱解氮的富集率随复合体粒级增大而减少。高肥力红壤各粒级有机无机复合体的铵吸附量、铵解吸量和铵解吸率均大于低肥力红壤。随着复合体粒级增大，铵吸附量和铵解吸量减小，铵解吸率增大。     

Differences in nitrogen‐assimilating enzyme activity in halophyte species are habitat‐related

The chemical form and content of available nitrogen (N) in salt marsh substrates varies considerably. On the western coast of Ireland, habitats designated as Ombrogenic Atlantic salt marshes were formed on ombrogenic peat substrate. The peat substrate in these systems has three times more ammonium than substrate from adjacent salt marsh habitats on sand and mud substrate. This study examined the extent to which the high concentration of ammonium in peat salt marsh substrate influences the N‐ assimilating enzyme activity of halophytes and the extent to which N metabolism differs between species. Specifically, this work investigated whether plants from peat salt marshes are more likely to assimilate ammonium than plants from non‐peat substrates. Four halophyte plant species—Armeria maritima, Aster tripolium, Plantago maritime, and Triglochin maritime—were sampled from various saltmarsh habitats including three sites on peat substrate and three on non‐peat substrate, comprising sand, mud and sand/mud. The activities of N‐metabolising enzymes—glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and nitrate reductase (NR)—were quantified in shoot and root parts. Root GS activity in Armeria maritima and shoot GS activity in Triglochin maritima were positively correlated with increasing soil ammonium levels. Root NR activity in Aster tripolium and shoot NR activity in Plantago maritima were significantly higher in plants grown on non‐peat substrates than peat substrates. The shoot : root GS activity ratio in Triglochin maritima on peat substrate was more than double the ratio on non‐peat substrates. It is concluded that all species tested displayed differences in N‐metabolising activities depending on the chemical form and/or concentration of N in the substrate, while three out of the four species were capable of taking advantage of the high levels of ammonium in peat substrates.     

Soil P fractions in a volcanic soil chronosequence of Central Mexico and their relationship to foliar P in pine trees

Phosphorus (P) is a major plant nutrient, however, its availability in volcanic ash soils is presumed to be small, due to its specific sorption on short‐range order minerals. We analyzed distinct P fractions in volcanic ash soils of different age (60 to > 100,000 y BP) under pine forests in Central Mexico to investigate their changes along a chronosequence of Regosols, Andosols, and Lixisols, and to evaluate if P availability limits tree growth at any particular stage. Top soil and subsoil samples were first analyzed by the Tiessen and Moir method, which failed to extract exhaustively “organic” and “occluded P”, and “P associated with apatite”. Therefore, we modified the fractionation scheme by including a “recalcitrant organic P” fraction obtained from the difference between P determined in air‐dried subsamples and subsamples burned at 300°C; P adsorbed to short‐range order minerals was assessed in an extraction with NH₄‐oxalate, and P in primary minerals by subtracting the sum of all other fractions from total P contents determined by XRF. This we did after discovering that primary P occurred in the form of fluorapatite included in plagioclase, volcanic glass or olivine. We also measured P contents in pine needles and related these with the “mobile soil P” fractions. The results show that “organic P” reaches maximum contents in 10,000‐y old soil, as does P associated with short‐range order minerals, while P occluded into crystalline oxides increases constantly over time. After 100,000 y, 31% of total P still remains in the form of primary P in A horizons. “Mobile P” was constant > 40 mg kg^?1 in Regosols and Andosols and related positively with foliar P contents, which were within adequate nutritional ranges. Only in Lixisols small “mobile P” concentrations in soil correspond with inadequate P contents in pine needles.     

Nutrient limitation of alpine plants: Implications from leaf N : P stoichiometry and leaf δ15N

Nitrogen (N) deposition can affect grassland ecosystems by altering biomass production, plant species composition and abundance. Therefore, a better understanding of the response of dominant plant species to N input is a prerequisite for accurate prediction of future changes and interactions within plant communities. We evaluated the response of seven dominant plant species on the Tibetan Plateau to N input at two levels: individual species and plant functional group. This was achieved by assessing leaf N : P stoichiometry, leaf δ¹⁵N and biomass production for the plant functional groups. Seven dominant plant species—three legumes, two forbs, one grass, one sedge—were analyzed for N, P, and δ¹⁵N 2 years after fertilization with one of the three N forms: NO$ _3^- $ , NH$ _4^+ $ , or NH₄NO₃ at four application rates (0, 7.5, 30, and 150 kg N ha^–1 y^–1). On the basis of biomass production and leaf N : P ratios, we concluded that grasses were limited by available N or co‐limited by available P. Unlike for grasses, leaf N : P and biomass production were not suitable indicators of N limitation for legumes and forbs in alpine meadows. The poor performance of legumes under high N fertilization was mainly due to strong competition with grasses. The total above‐ground biomass was not increased by N fertilization. However, species composition shifted to more productive grasses. A significant negative correlation between leaf N : P and leaf δ¹⁵N indicated that the two forbs Gentiana straminea and Saussurea superba switched from N deficiency to P limitation (e.g., N excess) due to N fertilization. These findings imply that alpine meadows will be more dominated by grasses under increased atmospheric N deposition.     

Tolerance of Lisianthus to High Ammonium Levels in Rockwool Culture

Nitrogen (N) by form of nutrition, ammonium (NH₄⁺) or nitrate (NO₃^?), affects metabolic and physiological processes of plants. In general, a high proportion of N in NH₄⁺ form results in poor growth. Nonetheless, a number of species exhibit optimum growth when high levels of NH₄⁺ are provided. In the present study, lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn] was grown in rockwool cultures and irrigated with nutrient solutions containing 15 mM N with varying proportions of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?. The results showed that an increase in NH₄⁺-N form increased plant height, number of flowers and leaves, leaf area, and shoot, stem, and leaf dry weight. The proportion of NH₄⁺ also affected leaf concentration of phosphorus, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), although leaf N concentration was unaffected. Potassium leaf concentration was higher when a low proportion of NH₄⁺ was supplemented in the nutrient solution; however, plants exhibited a decrease in leaf K concentration and a decrease in leaf Ca as the proportion of NH₄⁺-N increased. Shoot dry weight was higher with low leaf K whereas high leaf Ca was associated with high shoot dry weight. Net photosynthesis rate was higher in plants irrigated with solutions containing 75% of total N in NH₄⁺ form than in those irrigated with solutions of 0 or 25%. The results suggest that lisianthus can tolerate high levels of NH₄⁺, probably associated with a higher assimilation of Ca.     

紫外分光光度法测定猪血中提取免疫球蛋白IgG含量的可行性研究

[目的]探讨紫外分光光度法测定猪血中IgG含量的可行性.[方法]采用饱和硫酸铵法从新鲜猪血中提取IgG,并采用紫外分光光度法测定提取猪血中IgG含量.[结果]将从猪血中分离的免疫球蛋白IgG于40℃下静置40 min,pH为7.4时,获得最多IgG的硫酸铵浓度为30％ ～ 35％.[结论]紫外分光光度法可用于测定猪血中IgG含量,该方法数据稳定,线性关系好,准确性高,操作简便,适合推广.     

油菜毯状育苗基质改良Ⅳ硫酸铵施用量

为优化培育高质量油菜毯状苗的方法,完善育苗体系,以甘蓝型双低油菜品种宁杂1838为材料,采用传统标准的水稻育秧盘进行油菜毯状苗育苗,设置了在试验基质中拌入不同量硫酸铵的处理,通过测定油菜苗在不同时期的农艺性状、器官干重,研究了硫酸铵在不同用量对油菜毯状苗的调控效应;结果显示,试验基质中硫酸铵最佳用量范围为每盘4.37~4.62 g,这一用量条件下可显著增加存苗数、出叶数、绿叶数和单株叶面积,且干物质积累最多,最有利于毯苗移栽后返青活棵。