Effects of dietary microalgae on fatty acids and digestive enzymes in copepod Cyclopina kasignete,a potential live food for fish larvae

The copepod Cyclopina kasignete is a potential live food in aquaculture and its fatty acid components and digestive enzymes were investigated. Three dry algal products (mixed algae, Melosira sp. and Nannochloropsis oculata) and two fresh microalgae (Tisochrysis lutea and N. oculata) were fed to the copepod for 30 days. The essential fatty acids (EFA) in copepods were altered by feeding different types of dry algae. The copepod fed dry Melosira sp. or fresh T. lutea contained higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), protease and trypsin than fed on other algae. The copepod contained a similar fatty acid profile and digestive enzymes by feeding either dry or fresh N. oculata. Between fresh algal species, the copepod fed T. lutea contained higher EPA, DHA and ARA than that fed fresh N. oculata. The amounts of EPA and DHA in copepods were more concentrated than those in the dietary algae, suggesting that the copepod has the ability to accumulate some EFA. This study indicates that dietary algae can modify the nutritional composition and in digestive enzymes copepods, which in turn may be able to transfer suitable nutrients and digestive enzymes to fish larvae in aquaculture.     

匍枝马尾藻人工栽培初步研究

为探索匍枝马尾藻(Sargassum polycystum)的人工栽培技术,采用浮筏式栽培方式于2015年3—6月在海南省儋州市海头镇进行了匍枝马尾藻的人工栽培试验,记录了该藻的生长规律,并通过栽培水深和夹苗密度试验,比较了不同栽培条件对其生长的影响。结果显示,3月下旬至5月下旬为匍枝马尾藻生长最旺盛的季节,其中藻体长度的快速增长主要集中在4月中旬以前,而藻体重量以相对稳定的速率持续增长至5月下旬。栽培水深和夹苗密度分别对匍枝马尾藻的藻体长度和分枝数有显著影响,而藻体鲜重则同时受到这两个因素的影响(P0.05)。研究表明,适量增加匍枝马尾藻的栽培水深和控制夹苗密度有利于促进其生长;为有效提高匍枝马尾藻的产量,栽培水深应设计为80 cm左右,夹苗密度控制在10 cm左右。     

Algal Lectins as Potential HIV Microbicide Candidates

The development and use of topical microbicides potentially offers an additional strategy to reduce the spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) that show specificity for high mannose carbohydrates on the surface of the heavily glycosylated envelope of HIV are endowed with potent anti-HIV activity. In fact, a number of algal lectins such as cyanovirin-N, microvirin, microcystis viridis lectin, scytovirin, Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin and griffithsin are considered as potential microbicide candidates to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV through topical applications. They not only inhibit infection of cells by cell-free virus but they can also efficiently prevent virus transmission from virus-infected cells to uninfected CD4(+) target T-lymphocytes and DC-SIGN-directed capture of HIV-1 and transmission to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. This review focuses on the structural properties and carbohydrate specificity of these algal lectins, their antiviral activity against HIV and several other enveloped viruses, their safety profile and viral resistance patterns.     

Dereplication and Chemotaxonomical Studies of Marine Algae of the Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta Phyla

Dereplication and chemotaxonomic studies of six marine algae of the Ochrophyta and one of the Rhodophyta phyla resulted in the detection of 22 separate compounds. All 16 secondary metabolites, including four new compounds (16–19), could be rapidly dereplicated using HPLC-NMR and HPLC-MS methodologies in conjunction with the MarinLit database. This study highlights the advantages of using NMR data (acquired via HPLC-NMR) for database searching and for the overall dereplication of natural products.     

Antitumor and Antimicrobial Potential of Bromoditerpenes Isolated from the Red Alga,Sphaerococcus coronopifolius

Cancer and infectious diseases continue to be a major public health problem, and new drugs are necessary. As marine organisms are well known to provide a wide range of original compounds, the aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of the main constituents of the cosmopolitan red alga, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius. The structure of several bromoditerpenes was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Five molecules were isolated and characterized which include a new brominated diterpene belonging to the rare dactylomelane family and named sphaerodactylomelol (1), along with four already known sphaerane bromoditerpenes (2–5). Antitumor activity was assessed by cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative assays on an in vitro model of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2 cells). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against four pathogenic microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Compound 4 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (IC₅₀ 6.35 µM) and compound 5 the highest anti-proliferative activity on HepG-2 cells (IC₅₀ 42.9 µM). The new diterpene, sphaerodactylomelol (1), induced inhibition of cell proliferation (IC₅₀ 280 µM) and cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ 720 µM) on HepG-2 cells and showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (IC₅₀ 96.3 µM).     

大型海藻养殖对水体DO含量的影响

为了解大型海藻养殖对海水DO含量的影响,明确其在光照、黑暗及光暗交替条件下海水DO含量的变化过程。笔者将取自温州洞头近海养殖的鼠尾藻、羊栖菜带至实验室内进行养殖实验,设置光照（2、6、12 h）、黑暗（2、6、12 h）、光暗交替（1 h 1 h、6 h 6 h、12 h 12 h）处理,测定养殖水体DO含量,对其产氧速率、耗氧速率等进行分析。结果表明：随着光照时间的延长,鼠尾藻、羊栖菜产氧速率都逐渐下降,鼠尾藻的产氧速率比羊栖菜高（P<0.05）;黑暗条件下,鼠尾藻耗氧速率在6 h时达最高288.02 mg/kg DW?h,羊栖菜耗氧速率在2 h时达最高207.46 mg/kg DW?h,鼠尾藻的耗氧速率比羊栖菜高;光暗交替下鼠尾藻的净产氧速率先急剧降低后缓慢升高,短光暗交替周期（1 h 1 h）时净产氧速率最高457.08 mg/kg DW?h。羊栖菜净产氧速率先升高后降低,在中光暗交替周期（6 h 6 h）时最高64.04 mg/kg DW?h。大型海藻养殖时随着光暗环境的交替进行,不断发生着光合产氧、暗呼吸耗氧的转换,总体而言海藻养殖提高了水体DO含量。大型海藻养殖的生态、社会价值显著,建议大力推广     

光强对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响

模拟萱藻育苗条件,以萱藻丝状体为材料,沙滤天然海水作为培养液,研究了光照强度[7.2~126.0μmol/(m2·s)]对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响。结果显示:(1)本实验条件下,萱藻孢子萌发的适宜光强范围为27.0~72.0μmol/(m2·s)。其中,在45.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下,萱藻孢子萌发率较高,并在放散后的第16天萌发率达到(44.44%±11.00%);(2)在本实验条件下,萱藻幼苗早期生长的适宜光强范围为36.0~54.0μmol/(m2·s),其中45.0μmol/(m2·s)最适宜萱藻幼苗的生长,且附生藻类密度最低,孢子放散后第34天附生藻类密度为(38.4±0.6)×104个/cm2;(3)本研究共鉴定出附生藻类2门13属29种,主要优势种为碎片菱形藻、小伪菱形藻、艳绿颤藻、膨胀色球藻、耳形藻和新月菱形藻。其中碎片菱形藻在7.2~18.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长,而耳形藻与新月菱形藻在27.0~126.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长。研究表明,萱藻孢子萌发和幼苗早期发育的最佳光强为45.0μmol/(m2·s),且在萱藻育苗过程中应重点防治的附生藻类为耳形藻与新月菱形藻。     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms found in the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis (Gigartinales): new markers for population and conservation genetic analyses

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