植物次生代谢物的自毒作用及其与连作障碍的关系

连作障碍问题的发现已有上千年的历史,但对其发生机理和克服措施还没有取得突破。本文分析了植物次生代谢物的种类及其产生机理、次生代谢物的自毒作用、植物对自产的次生代谢有毒物质的抗性机制及其形成时序等,认为次生代谢物对新生植物的自毒作用是连作障碍发生的关键因素之一,并在此基础上提出了克服连作障碍的几种途径。     

New indices for quantifying the resistance and resilience of soil biota to exogenous disturbances

The stability (resistance and resilience to disturbance) of a soil system is a key factor influencing ecosystem properties and processes. To compare the stability of different systems, it is necessary to have indices that provide a relative quantitative measure of both the resistance and resilience of a response variable in all possible scenarios. However, the indices currently in use are frequently unable to do this, or are difficult to interpret. Here, we present new indices that avoid these problems. We compare our indices with previously published indices of stability, and also test their performance by using a real data set. We show that our indices accurately represent the response of soil properties (e.g. soil microbial biomass) to a disturbance, and that they are capable of determining differences in stability between contrasting soils.     

乙烯利对干旱条件下多年生黑麦草生理指标的影响

本研究以‘Neruda’,‘Accent’,‘MS’,‘AST’4个品种多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）为试验材料,研究叶片喷施乙烯利对多年生黑麦草耐旱性的影响。结果表明,喷施乙烯利后干旱处理10 d时,‘Neruda’、‘MS’和‘AST’叶片相对含水量显著提高,所有品种电解质渗透率均下降,‘Neruda’、‘Accent’和‘MS’脯氨酸含量的上升减缓,同时喷施乙烯利提高了‘MS’、‘AST’的过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性,但对过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化氢酶（Ascorbate peroxidase,APX）活性影响不显著。复水2 d后,乙烯利促进了‘MS’品种相对含水量和‘Neruda’品种脯氨酸含量的恢复。因此,叶片喷施乙烯利可以不同程度缓解多年生黑麦草干旱条件下的胁迫损伤,一定程度上提高干旱复水后的恢复能力。     

Considerations for the use of neonicotinoid pesticides in management of Bactericera cockerelli (Šulk) (Hemiptera: Triozidae)

Bactericera cockerelli is a pest on multiple solanaceous crop plants and is the sole vector for the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous. When the pathogen is present, feeding by these psyllids results in ‘vein greening’ disease in peppers and tomatoes, and “zebra chip” disease in potatoes. Currently, management is based entirely on the application of pesticides, including two neonicotinoid compounds. Populations of B. cockerelli collected in southern Texas in 2006 and 2012 were examined for reduced susceptibility and behavioral responses to imidacloprid.Tests comparing imidacloprid and thiamethoxam demonstrated that both can reduce nymph numbers in the field, but retention and effective periods vary among application methods and compounds. In addition, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam are both sensitive to the amount of water applied during irrigation. Collectedly, these results suggest that imidacloprid is unlikely to be effective in controlling B. cockerelli in south Texas. Moreover, its use needs to be carefully considered in other locations even where resistance has not yet been detected. Finally, thiamethoxam may be useful, but careful attention must be paid to irrigation and rainfall level, application method, and timing of application.     

RNAi技术在转基因西瓜抗病毒病上的研究与应用

对RNAi技术的概念、研究进展及西瓜病毒病的危害及其发生特点、RNAi技术在西瓜抗病毒病上的研究进展进行了阐述,并对存在的一些问题作了简要探讨与展望。     

Victoria Blight,defense turned upside down

Genes that confer disease resistance to biotrophic pathogens typically encode nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat proteins (NB-LRRs). These proteins confer resistance by detecting the presence of virulence effectors secreted by biotrophic pathogens. Recognition triggers NB-LRR activation and subsequently, the defense response which often includes localized host cell death. The fungus, Cochliobolus victoriae, is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes a disease called Victoria Blight. Virulence of this fungus is dependent on its production of a peptide called “victorin” that has been traditionally described as a toxin. Only plants that respond to victorin are susceptible to Cochliobolus victoriae whereas those that do not are resistant to the fungus. Genetic and molecular analyses have revealed that victorin functions like a biotrophic effector recognized by a NB-LRR resistance protein in Arabidopsis. Further, numerous plant species express victorin sensitivity suggesting there are numerous NB-LRRs that recognize victorin. Thus, through expression of victorin, C. victoriae is able to exploit plant defense to cause disease and is capable of evoking this response in an array of different plants.     

四川辣椒炭疽病菌鉴定及育种材料抗性筛选

四川省西充县发现1种严重危害辣椒果实的辣椒炭疽病,造成部分田块绝收.田间调查发现,此病菌既能危害未熟果也能危害红熟果,但未危害叶片或茎干.在果实上病斑圆形,长椭圆形或不规则.在实验室PSA培养基上菌落圆形,边缘整齐,粉红色或橙色,无孢子堆,无菌核,分生孢子盘无刚毛.分生孢子单生,梭形,大小11.703 ～13.657 μm×3.074～4.773μm,附着胞圆形或长椭圆形,褐色,大小为3.985 ～6.633 μm×3.954 ～6.170μm.菌株rDNA ITS的PCR产物经测序后进行BLAST比对分析,结果显示,此菌株的ITS序列与尖孢刺盘孢Colletotrichum acutatum(有性阶段为尖孢小丛壳Glomerella acutata)的相似性达99％,结合培养性状的观察及rDNA ITS序列分析,确定其为尖孢刺盘孢(C.acutatum),是四川省内首次报道C.acutatum危害辣椒果实的.以该菌为菌源,对60份辣椒材料进行了抗病性鉴定,结果显示所有的材料中仅有4份抗病,14份耐病,剩余的均是感病材料,未发现高抗和免疫的材料.     

家蚕对浓核病毒中国(镇江)株抵抗性机制的初步研究

通过生物测定和地高辛(DIG)标记的酶联免疫吸附剂测定(ELISA),初步分析了家蚕对浓核病毒中国(镇江)株(Bombyxmori densovirus,BmDNV-z)的抵抗性机制。试验表明:供试家蚕品种的消化液、血液中均不存在对BmDNV-z侵染性有影响的蛋白因子;抵抗性家蚕品种的中肠组织蛋白中不存在BmDNV-z的病毒受体蛋白,而感受性家蚕品种的中肠组织蛋白中可能存在对BmDNV-z侵染性有影响的蛋白因子,即感受性家蚕品种的中肠组织中可能存在BmDNV-z的病毒受体蛋白因子,且BmDNV-z与感受性家蚕品种中肠组织蛋白的结合具有组织特异性。     

沿淮流域节水抗旱稻新品种广适性筛选研究

为筛选出熟期适宜、抗逆性好、产量高、米质优,综合表现突出,适合沿淮流域推广种植的节水抗旱稻新品种,以期指导广大农民科学种植管理,从而提高节水抗旱稻种植效益。根据沿淮流域节水抗旱稻生产实际,近两年引进了11个节水抗旱稻新品种进行对比筛选试验,从品种生育特性、主要经济性状、主要农艺性状、产量与田间自然发病情况等进行综合分析评价,从而筛选出适合沿淮流域种植的优质、高产、多抗节水抗旱稻新品种。试验结果表明,“旱优650”、“旱两优8200”的产量较高、农艺性状、抗性等综合性状表现较好,适宜在沿淮流域推广种植。初步筛选出了适宜沿淮流域种植耐旱、抗病虫、高产节水抗旱稻新品种。为提升节水抗旱稻增产潜力奠定了基础。